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We continue the program of proving circuit lower bounds via circuit satisfiability algorithms. So far, this program has yielded several concrete results, proving that functions in $\text{Quasi-NP} = \text{NTIME}[n^{(\log n)^{O(1)}}]$ and…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2020-01-23 Nikhil Vyas , Ryan Williams

The Gottesman-Knill theorem asserts that a quantum circuit composed of Clifford gates can be efficiently simulated on a classical computer. Here we revisit this theorem and extend it to quantum circuits composed of Clifford and T gates,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-04-11 Sergey Bravyi , David Gosset

We describe a simple formalism for generating classes of quantum circuits that are classically efficiently simulatable and show that the efficient simulation of Clifford circuits (Gottesman-Knill theorem) and of matchgate circuits…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2008-12-25 Richard Jozsa

Simulating quantum circuits using classical computers lets us analyse the inner workings of quantum algorithms. The most complete type of simulation, strong simulation, is believed to be generally inefficient. Nevertheless, several…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2013-02-25 T. H. Johnson , J. D. Biamonte , S. R. Clark , D. Jaksch

We study the classical simulability of noisy random quantum circuits under general noise models. While various classical algorithms for simulating noisy random circuits have been proposed, many of them rely on the anticoncentration…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-09 Su-un Lee , Soumik Ghosh , Changhun Oh , Kyungjoo Noh , Bill Fefferman , Liang Jiang

We give a comprehensive characterization of the computational power of shallow quantum circuits combined with classical computation. Specifically, for classes of search problems, we show that the following statements hold, relative to a…

Determining the quantum-classical boundary between quantum circuits which can be efficiently simulated classically and those which cannot remains a fundamental question. One approach to classical simulation is to represent the output of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-06 Zejun Liu , Bryan K. Clark

We consider quantum computations comprising only commuting gates, known as IQP computations, and provide compelling evidence that the task of sampling their output probability distributions is unlikely to be achievable by any efficient…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-11-17 Michael J. Bremner , Richard Jozsa , Dan J. Shepherd

We present a method for classically simulating quantum circuits based on the tensor contraction model of Markov and Shi (quant-ph/0511069). Using this method we are able to classically simulate the approximate quantum Fourier transform in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-13 Nadav Yoran , Anthony J. Short

Recent work has explored using the stabilizer formalism to classically simulate quantum circuits containing a few non-Clifford gates. The computational cost of such methods is directly related to the notion of stabilizer rank, which for a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-04 Sergey Bravyi , Dan Browne , Padraic Calpin , Earl Campbell , David Gosset , Mark Howard

We identify a sub-class of BQP that captures certain structural commonalities among many quantum algorithms including Shor's algorithms. This class does not contain all of BQP (e.g. Grover's algorithm does not fall into this class). Our…

Computational Complexity · Computer Science 2015-03-20 Richard J. Lipton , Kenneth W. Regan , Atri Rudra

The Gottesman-Knill theorem says that a stabilizer circuit -- that is, a quantum circuit consisting solely of CNOT, Hadamard, and phase gates -- can be simulated efficiently on a classical computer. This paper improves that theorem in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Scott Aaronson , Daniel Gottesman

In this work, we developed an efficient quantum algorithm for the simulation of non-Markovian quantum dynamics, based on the Feynman path integral formulation. The algorithm scales polynomially with the number of native gates and the number…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-28 Avin Seneviratne , Peter L. Walters , Fei Wang

It is one of the most fundamental objectives in quantum information science to understand the boundary between the computational power of classical and quantum computers. One possible avenue to explore this boundary is to identify classes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-28 Christophe Piveteau

Efficient simulation of large-scale quantum algorithms is pivotal yet challenging due to the exponential growth of the state space inherent in both Sch\"odinger-based and Feynman-based methods. While Feynman-based simulators can be highly…

Simulation of stabilizer circuits is a well-studied problem in quantum information processing, with a number of highly optimized algorithms available. Yet, we argue that further improvements can arise from the theoretical structure of…

Recent work of Bravyi et al. and follow-up work by Bene Watts et al. demonstrates a quantum advantage for shallow circuits: constant-depth quantum circuits can perform a task which constant-depth classical (i.e., AC$^0$) circuits cannot.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-07 Daniel Grier , Luke Schaeffer

Implementations of Roetteler's shifted bent function algorithm have in recent years been used to test and benchmark both classical simulation algorithms and quantum hardware. These circuits have many favorable properties, including a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-03 Matthew Amy , Lucas Shigeru Stinchcombe

Concordant computation is a circuit-based model of quantum computation for mixed states, that assumes that all correlations within the register are discord-free (i.e. the correlations are essentially classical) at every step of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-12-11 Hugo Cable , Daniel E. Browne

Quantum signal processing (QSP) has emerged as a unifying subroutine in quantum algorithms. In QSP, we are given a function $f$ and a unitary black-box $U$, and the goal is to construct a quantum circuit for implementing $f(U)$ to a given…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-14 Abhijeet Alase