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Large foundation models (LFMs) are susceptible to two distinct vulnerabilities: hallucinations and jailbreak attacks. While typically studied in isolation, we observe that defenses targeting one often affect the other, hinting at a deeper…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Haibo Jin , Peiyan Zhang , Peiran Wang , Man Luo , Haohan Wang

Integrated Speech and Large Language Models (SLMs) that can follow speech instructions and generate relevant text responses have gained popularity lately. However, the safety and robustness of these models remains largely unclear. In this…

Despite the remarkable versatility of Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal LLMs (MLLMs) to generalize across both language and vision tasks, LLMs and MLLMs have shown vulnerability to jailbreaking, generating textual outputs that…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Joonhyun Jeong , Seyun Bae , Yeonsung Jung , Jaeryong Hwang , Eunho Yang

As large language models (LLMs) become increasingly integrated into real-world applications such as code generation and chatbot assistance, extensive efforts have been made to align LLM behavior with human values, including safety.…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-07-29 Zhangchen Xu , Fengqing Jiang , Luyao Niu , Jinyuan Jia , Bill Yuchen Lin , Radha Poovendran

Multi-turn jailbreak attacks have proven effective against text-only large language models (LLMs), where malicious content is gradually introduced to bypass safety alignment. However, effectively extending such attacks to large…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-29 In Chong Choi , Jiacheng Zhang , Feng Liu , Yiliao Song

Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in various domains but remain vulnerable to adversarial jailbreak attacks. Existing prompt-defense strategies, including parameter-modifying and parameter-free approaches, face…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Ziyi Ni , Hao Wang , Huacan Wang

Large language models (LLMs) have gained widespread recognition for their superior comprehension and have been deployed across numerous domains. Building on Chain-of-Thought (CoT) ideology, Large Reasoning models (LRMs) further exhibit…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-09-03 Shiji Zhao , Ranjie Duan , Jiexi Liu , Xiaojun Jia , Fengxiang Wang , Cheng Wei , Ruoxi Cheng , Yong Xie , Chang Liu , Qing Guo , Jialing Tao , Hui Xue , Xingxing Wei

Large Audio Language Models (LALMs) have made significant progress. While increasingly deployed in real-world applications, LALMs face growing safety risks from jailbreak attacks that bypass safety alignment. However, there remains a lack…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Zifan Peng , Yule Liu , Zhen Sun , Mingchen Li , Zeren Luo , Jingyi Zheng , Wenhan Dong , Xinlei He , Xuechao Wang , Yingjie Xue , Shengmin Xu , Xinyi Huang

Although Aligned Large Language Models (LLMs) are trained to refuse harmful requests, they remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. Unfortunately, existing methods often focus on surface-level patterns, overlooking the deeper attack…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Shiyu Xiang , Ansen Zhang , Yanfei Cao , Yang Fan , Ronghao Chen

Although safely enhanced Large Language Models (LLMs) have achieved remarkable success in tackling various complex tasks in a zero-shot manner, they remain susceptible to jailbreak attacks, particularly the unknown jailbreak attack. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-12 Fan Liu , Zhao Xu , Hao Liu

Large language models (LLMs) have seen widespread applications across various domains, yet remain vulnerable to adversarial prompt injections. While most existing research on jailbreak attacks and hallucination phenomena has focused…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Linghan Huang , Haolin Jin , Zhaoge Bi , Pengyue Yang , Peizhou Zhao , Taozhao Chen , Xiongfei Wu , Lei Ma , Huaming Chen

With the significant advancement of Large Vision-Language Models (VLMs), concerns about their potential misuse and abuse have grown rapidly. Previous studies have highlighted VLMs' vulnerability to jailbreak attacks, where carefully crafted…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Yu Wang , Xiaofei Zhou , Yichen Wang , Geyuan Zhang , Tianxing He

The adoption of large language models (LLMs) in many applications, from customer service chat bots and software development assistants to more capable agentic systems necessitates research into how to secure these systems. Attacks like…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-03 Erick Galinkin , Martin Sablotny

Large language models (LLMs) undergo safety alignment after training and tuning, yet recent work shows that safety can be bypassed through jailbreak attacks. While many jailbreaks and defenses exist, their cross-lingual generalization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Berk Atil , Rebecca J. Passonneau , Fred Morstatter

The rapid adoption of large language models (LLMs) has brought both transformative applications and new security risks, including jailbreak attacks that bypass alignment safeguards to elicit harmful outputs. Existing automated jailbreak…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Siyang Cheng , Gaotian Liu , Rui Mei , Yilin Wang , Kejia Zhang , Kaishuo Wei , Yuqi Yu , Weiping Wen , Xiaojie Wu , Junhua Liu

Despite extensive safety alignment, Large Language Models (LLMs) remain vulnerable to jailbreak attacks. However, existing methods generally lack the capability for continuous learning and self-evolution from interactions, limiting the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Xu Liu , Yan Chen , Kan Ling , Yichi Zhu , Hengrun Zhang , Guisheng Fan , Huiqun Yu

Despite efforts to align large language models (LLMs) with human intentions, widely-used LLMs such as GPT, Llama, and Claude are susceptible to jailbreaking attacks, wherein an adversary fools a targeted LLM into generating objectionable…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-17 Alexander Robey , Eric Wong , Hamed Hassani , George J. Pappas

Jailbreaking is an emerging adversarial attack that bypasses the safety alignment deployed in off-the-shelf large language models (LLMs) and has evolved into multiple categories: human-based, optimization-based, generation-based, and the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Xunguang Wang , Daoyuan Wu , Zhenlan Ji , Zongjie Li , Pingchuan Ma , Shuai Wang , Yingjiu Li , Yang Liu , Ning Liu , Juergen Rahmel

As large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in diverse applications, including chatbot assistants and code generation, aligning their behavior with safety and ethical standards has become paramount. However, jailbreak attacks,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Yang Ouyang , Hengrui Gu , Shuhang Lin , Wenyue Hua , Jie Peng , Bhavya Kailkhura , Meijun Gao , Tianlong Chen , Kaixiong Zhou

Security vulnerabilities are increasingly prevalent in modern software and they are widely consequential to our society. Various approaches to defending against these vulnerabilities have been proposed, among which those leveraging deep…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-02-28 Yu Nong , Mohammed Aldeen , Long Cheng , Hongxin Hu , Feng Chen , Haipeng Cai