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We propose a novel architecture and method of explainable classification with Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs). While SOTA approaches to Image Classification task work as a black box, there is a growing demand for models that would provide…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-04-05 Andrei Semenov , Vladimir Ivanov , Aleksandr Beznosikov , Alexander Gasnikov

In recent years, Visual Anomaly Detection (VAD) has gained significant attention due to its ability to identify defects using only normal images during training. Many VAD models work without supervision but are still able to provide visual…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Arianna Stropeni , Valentina Zaccaria , Francesco Borsatti , Davide Dalle Pezze , Manuel Barusco , Gian Antonio Susto

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) have garnered increasing attention due to their ability to provide concept-based explanations for black-box deep learning models while achieving high final prediction accuracy using human-like concepts.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-21 Lijie Hu , Tianhao Huang , Huanyi Xie , Xilin Gong , Chenyang Ren , Zhengyu Hu , Lu Yu , Ping Ma , Di Wang

Deploying AI-powered systems requires trustworthy models supporting effective human interactions, going beyond raw prediction accuracy. Concept bottleneck models promote trustworthiness by conditioning classification tasks on an…

Concept bottleneck model (CBM) is a ubiquitous method that can interpret neural networks using concepts. In CBM, concepts are inserted between the output layer and the last intermediate layer as observable values. This helps in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-03-17 Naoki Hayashi , Yoshihide Sawada

Explainable AI (XAI) is crucial for building transparent and trustworthy machine learning systems, especially in high-stakes domains. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) have emerged as a promising ante-hoc approach that provides…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Hanwei Zhang , Luo Cheng , Rui Wen , Yang Zhang , Lijun Zhang , Holger Hermanns

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) aim to enhance interpretability by structuring predictions around human-understandable concepts. However, unintended information leakage, where predictive signals bypass the concept bottleneck, compromises…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Mikael Makonnen , Moritz Vandenhirtz , Sonia Laguna , Julia E Vogt

Concept Bottleneck Model (CBM) is a methods for explaining neural networks. In CBM, concepts which correspond to reasons of outputs are inserted in the last intermediate layer as observed values. It is expected that we can interpret the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-03-15 Naoki Hayashi , Yoshihide Sawada

Deep neural networks have achieved remarkable success in computer vision; however, their black-box nature in decision-making limits interpretability and trust, particularly in safety-critical applications. Interpretability is crucial in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Ran Eisenberg , Amit Rozner , Ethan Fetaya , Ofir Lindenbaum

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBM) are inherently interpretable models that factor model decisions into human-readable concepts. They allow people to easily understand why a model is failing, a critical feature for high-stakes applications.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-04-27 Yue Yang , Artemis Panagopoulou , Shenghao Zhou , Daniel Jin , Chris Callison-Burch , Mark Yatskar

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) have recently been proposed to address the 'black-box' problem of deep neural networks, by first mapping images to a human-understandable concept space and then linearly combining concepts for…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-08-13 Sukrut Rao , Sweta Mahajan , Moritz Böhle , Bernt Schiele

Open-ended grading is central to equitable and personalized education, yet manual grading remains time-consuming and costly, underscoring the need for automated grading systems. Although recent neural and large language model (LLM) based…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Chengshuai Zhao , Fan Zhang , Kumar Satvik Chaudhary , Yiwen Li , Lo Pang-Yun Ting , Ying-Chih Chen , Huan Liu

Deep Neural Networks (DNNs) are often considered black boxes due to their opaque decision-making processes. To reduce their opacity Concept Models (CMs), such as Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs), were introduced to predict human-defined…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-12-02 Jack Furby , Dan Cunnington , Dave Braines , Alun Preece

Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) try to make the decision-making process transparent by exploring an intermediate concept space between the input image and the output prediction. Existing CBMs just learn coarse-grained relations between the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yan Xie , Zequn Zeng , Hao Zhang , Yucheng Ding , Yi Wang , Zhengjue Wang , Bo Chen , Hongwei Liu

Due to the high stakes in medical decision-making, there is a compelling demand for interpretable deep learning methods in medical image analysis. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBM) have emerged as an active interpretable framework…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-06-28 Yibo Gao , Zheyao Gao , Xin Gao , Yuanye Liu , Bomin Wang , Xiahai Zhuang

The main challenges limiting the adoption of deep learning-based solutions in medical workflows are the availability of annotated data and the lack of interpretability of such systems. Concept Bottleneck Models (CBMs) tackle the latter by…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Cristiano Patrício , Isabel Rio-Torto , Jaime S. Cardoso , Luís F. Teixeira , João C. Neves

Concept bottleneck models (CBMs) are interpretable models that first predict a set of semantically meaningful features, i.e., concepts, from observations that are subsequently used to condition a downstream task. However, the model's…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Renos Zabounidis , Ini Oguntola , Konghao Zhao , Joseph Campbell , Simon Stepputtis , Katia Sycara

Interpretable deep learning aims at developing neural architectures whose decision-making processes could be understood by their users. Among these techniqes, Concept Bottleneck Models enhance the interpretability of neural networks by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-28 Gabriele Dominici , Pietro Barbiero , Francesco Giannini , Martin Gjoreski , Marc Langhenirich

The lack of transparency in the decision-making processes of deep learning systems presents a significant challenge in modern artificial intelligence (AI), as it impairs users' ability to rely on and verify these systems. To address this…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-11-18 David Debot , Pietro Barbiero , Francesco Giannini , Gabriele Ciravegna , Michelangelo Diligenti , Giuseppe Marra

The demand for reliable AI systems has intensified the need for interpretable deep neural networks. Concept bottleneck models (CBMs) have gained attention as an effective approach by leveraging human-understandable concepts to enhance…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-09-24 Sangwon Kim , Dasom Ahn , Byoung Chul Ko , In-su Jang , Kwang-Ju Kim
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