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Related papers: Tool-Genesis: A Task-Driven Tool Creation Benchmar…

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Numerous software analysis tools exist today, yet applying them to diverse open-source projects remains challenging due to environment setup, dependency resolution, and tool configuration. LLM-based agents offer a potential solution, yet no…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-20 Islem Bouzenia , Cristian Cadar , Michael Pradel

The development of LLM-based autonomous agents for end-to-end software development represents a significant paradigm shift in software engineering. However, the scientific evaluation of these systems is hampered by significant challenges,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-11-07 Zhengran Zeng , Yixin Li , Rui Xie , Wei Ye , Shikun Zhang

Tool learning, which enables large language models (LLMs) to utilize external tools effectively, has garnered increasing attention for its potential to revolutionize productivity across industries. Despite rapid development in tool…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Haotian Chen , Zijun Song , Boye Niu , Ke Zhang , Litu Ou , Yaxi Lu , Zhong Zhang , Xin Cong , Yankai Lin , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

The transition from Cloud-Native to AI-Native architectures is fundamentally reshaping software engineering, replacing deterministic microservices with probabilistic agentic services. However, this shift renders traditional black-box…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-01-15 Zirui Wang , Guangba Yu , Michael R. Lyu

Function calling significantly extends the application boundary of large language models, where high-quality and diverse training data is critical for unlocking this capability. However, real function-calling data is quite challenging to…

Nowadays, agentic AI is emerging as a transformative paradigm for next-generation communication networks, promising to evolve large language models (LLMs) from passive chatbots into autonomous operators. However, unleashing this potential…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Yinqiu Liu , Ruichen Zhang , Dusit Niyato , Abbas Jamalipour , Trung Q. Duong , Dong In Kim

Task-based chatbots are software, typically embedded in real-world applications, that assist users in completing tasks through a conversational interface. As chatbots are gaining popularity, effectively assessing their quality has become…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Diego Clerissi , Elena Masserini , Daniela Micucci , Leonardo Mariani

Significant focus has been placed on integrating large language models (LLMs) with various tools in developing general-purpose agents. This poses a challenge to LLMs' tool-use capabilities. However, there are evident gaps between existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-25 Jize Wang , Zerun Ma , Yining Li , Songyang Zhang , Cailian Chen , Kai Chen , Xinyi Le

LLM agents are increasingly deployed as executable systems that use tools, modify workspaces, and produce concrete artifacts. In such workflows, performance depends not only on the base model, but also on the harness: the system layer that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Yilun Yao , Xinyu Tan , Chao-Hsuan Liu , Yaoming Li , Zhengyang Wang , Wenhan Yu , Zhewen Tan , Yuxuan Tian , Guangxiang Zhao , Lin Sun , Xiangzheng Zhang , Tong Yang

Tool use enables large language models (LLMs) to access external information, invoke software systems, and act in digital environments beyond what can be solved from model parameters alone. Early research mainly studied whether a model…

Generative AI systems achieve impressive performance on standard benchmarks yet fail to deliver real-world utility, a disconnect we identify across 28 deployment cases spanning education, healthcare, software engineering, and law. We argue…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Ishani Mondal , Shweta Bhardwaj

Modern Large Language Model (LLM) agents promise end to end assistance with real-world software tasks, yet existing benchmarks evaluate LLM agents almost exclusively in pre-baked environments where every dependency is pre-installed. To fill…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Avi Arora , Jinu Jang , Roshanak Zilouchian Moghaddam

Turning ideas into full software projects from scratch has become a popular use case for language models. Agents are being deployed to seed, maintain, and grow codebases over extended periods with minimal human oversight. Such settings…

Large language model (LLM)-based agents increasingly rely on tool use to complete real-world tasks. While existing works evaluate the LLMs' tool use capability, they largely focus on the final answers yet overlook the detailed tool usage…

This study investigates language models' generative capabilities in tool-use dialogs. We categorize the models' outputs in tool-use dialogs into four distinct types: Tool Call, Answer Completion, Slot Question, and Relevance Detection,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-22 Shinbok Lee , Gaeun Seo , Daniel Lee , Byeongil Ko , Sunghee Jung , Myeongcheol Shin

Large language models (LLMs) increasingly act as autonomous agents that must decide when to answer directly vs. when to invoke external tools. Prior work studying adaptive tool use has largely treated tool necessity as a model-agnostic…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Yize Cheng , Chenrui Fan , Mahdi JafariRaviz , Keivan Rezaei , Soheil Feizi

For agentic systems to use external tools to solve complex, long-horizon tasks, we need a large set of diverse and controllable tool-use environments. We introduce SynthTools, a fully LLM-based pipeline spanning the entire lifecycle:…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Tommaso Castellani , Naimeng Ye , Daksh Mittal , Thomson Yen , Emmanouil Koukoumidis , William Zeng , Hongseok Namkoong

Large language model agents are increasingly expected to perform operational work: calling APIs, manipulating files, assembling workflows, and acting inside enterprise systems. Yet the tool layer on which this execution depends is still…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Swanand Rao

Existing benchmarks for tool-augmented language models (TaLMs) lack fine-grained control over task difficulty and remain vulnerable to data contamination. We present FuncBenchGen, a unified, contamination-free framework that evaluates TaLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Seiji Maekawa , Jackson Hassell , Pouya Pezeshkpour , Tom Mitchell , Estevam Hruschka

As Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in highly specialized vertical domains, the evaluation of their domain-specific performance becomes critical. However, existing evaluations for vertical domains typically rely on the…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Wanying Wang , Zeyu Ma , Xuhong Wang , Yangchun Zhang , Pengfei Liu , Mingang Chen