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Inference-time scaling techniques have shown promise in enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models (LLMs). While recent research has primarily focused on training-time optimization, our work highlights inference-time…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-12 Jiachun Li , Pengfei Cao , Zhuoran Jin , Yubo Chen , Jiexin Xu , Huaijun Li , Xiaojian Jiang , Kang Liu , Jun Zhao

Machine learning pipelines for classification tasks often train a universal model to achieve accuracy across a broad range of classes. However, a typical user encounters only a limited selection of classes regularly. This disparity provides…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Shivam Aggarwal , Kuluhan Binici , Tulika Mitra

Distilling Chain-of-Thought (CoT) reasoning from large language models into compact student models presents a fundamental challenge: teacher rationales are often too verbose for smaller models to faithfully reproduce. Existing approaches…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Bowen Yu , Maolin Wang , Sheng Zhang , Binhao Wang , Yi Wen , Jingtong Gao , Bowen Liu , Zimo Zhao , Wanyu Wang , Xiangyu Zhao

Large Language Models (LLMs) have made significant strides in problem-solving by incorporating reasoning processes. However, this enhanced reasoning capability results in an increased number of output tokens during inference, leading to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Jingxian Xu , Mengyu Zhou , Weichang Liu , Hanbing Liu , Shi Han , Dongmei Zhang

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in complex reasoning tasks, but their efficiency is hindered by the substantial memory and computational costs associated with generating lengthy tokens. In this paper, we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-24 Jintian Zhang , Yuqi Zhu , Mengshu Sun , Yujie Luo , Shuofei Qiao , Lun Du , Da Zheng , Huajun Chen , Ningyu Zhang

Pruning aims to reduce the number of parameters while maintaining performance close to the original network. This work proposes a novel \emph{self-distillation} based pruning strategy, whereby the representational similarity between the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-10-01 James O' Neill , Sourav Dutta , Haytham Assem

Modern large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive capabilities at sophisticated tasks, often through step-by-step reasoning similar to humans. This is made possible by their strong few and zero-shot abilities -- they can…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-05-24 Xingchen Wan , Ruoxi Sun , Hanjun Dai , Sercan O. Arik , Tomas Pfister

The shift toward interacting with frozen, "black-box" Large Language Models (LLMs) has transformed prompt engineering from a heuristic exercise into a critical optimization challenge. We propose a Reinforcement Learning (RL) framework for…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Krishna Sayana , Ketan Todi , Ambarish Jash

Knowledge distillation can be a cost-effective technique to distill knowledge in Large Language Models, if the teacher output logits can be pre-computed and cached. However, successfully applying this to pre-training remains largely…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Anshumann , Mohd Abbas Zaidi , Akhil Kedia , Jinwoo Ahn , Taehwak Kwon , Kangwook Lee , Haejun Lee , Joohyung Lee

We study distillation for large language models under explicit compute constraints, with the goal of producing student models that are not only cheaper to train, but structurally efficient at inference time. While prior approaches to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-07 Mohammed Sabry , Anya Belz

The rapid advancement of large language models (LLMs) has significantly enhanced their reasoning abilities, enabling increasingly complex tasks. However, these capabilities often diminish in smaller, more computationally efficient models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-02-19 Yong Zhang , Bingyuan Zhang , Zhitao Li , Ming Li , Ning Cheng , Minchuan Chen , Tao Wei , Jun Ma , Shaojun Wang , Jing Xiao

Recent large reasoning models such as DeepSeek-R1 exhibit strong complex problems solving abilities by generating long chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning steps. It is challenging to directly train small language models (SLMs) to emerge long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-19 Zhaoyang Wang , Jinqi Jiang , Tian Qiu , Hui Liu , Xianfeng Tang , Huaxiu Yao

Image-text contrastive models like CLIP have wide applications in zero-shot classification, image-text retrieval, and transfer learning. However, they often struggle on compositional visio-linguistic tasks (e.g., attribute-binding or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-02 Samyadeep Basu , Shell Xu Hu , Maziar Sanjabi , Daniela Massiceti , Soheil Feizi

Automatic Speech Recognition (ASR) has seen remarkable advancements with deep neural networks, such as Transformer and Conformer. However, these models typically have large model sizes and high inference costs, posing a challenge to deploy…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-01 Huiqiang Jiang , Li Lyna Zhang , Yuang Li , Yu Wu , Shijie Cao , Ting Cao , Yuqing Yang , Jinyu Li , Mao Yang , Lili Qiu

Recent reasoning-focused language models achieve high accuracy by generating lengthy intermediate reasoning paths before producing final answers. While this approach is effective in solving problems that require logical thinking, long…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Jiwon Song , Dongwon Jo , Yulhwa Kim , Jae-Joon Kim

Distilling robust reasoning capabilities from large language models (LLMs) into smaller, computationally efficient student models remains an unresolved challenge. Despite recent advances, distilled models frequently suffer from superficial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Zhen Tan , Chengshuai Zhao , Song Wang , Jundong Li , Tianlong Chen , Huan Liu

Large language models (LLMs) demonstrate remarkable reasoning capabilities in tasks such as algorithmic coding and mathematical problem-solving. Recent methods have improved reasoning through expanded corpus and multistage training…

Chain-of-thought (CoT) reasoning has enabled large language models (LLMs) to utilize additional computation through intermediate tokens to solve complex tasks. However, we posit that typical reasoning traces contain many redundant tokens,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Tergel Munkhbat , Namgyu Ho , Seo Hyun Kim , Yongjin Yang , Yujin Kim , Se-Young Yun

Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO) has emerged as a powerful algorithm for improving the reasoning capabilities of language models, but often fails to improve small models due to sparse rewards on difficult tasks. Existing works…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Soo Min Kwon , Ziteng Sun , Ananda Theertha Suresh , Himanshu Jain , Sanjiv Kumar

Large Language Models (LLMs) have recently achieved remarkable progress by leveraging Reinforcement Learning and extended Chain-of-Thought (CoT) techniques. However, the challenge of performing efficient language reasoning--especially…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Zhong-Zhi Li , Xiao Liang , Zihao Tang , Lei Ji , Peijie Wang , Haotian Xu , Xing W , Haizhen Huang , Weiwei Deng , Yeyun Gong , Zhijiang Guo , Xiao Liu , Fei Yin , Cheng-Lin Liu