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Whether it is at the fabrication stage or during the course of the quantum computation, e.g. because of high-energy events like cosmic rays, the qubits constituting an error correcting code may be rendered inoperable. Such defects may…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-07-26 Adam Siegel , Armands Strikis , Thomas Flatters , Simon Benjamin

Quantum error correction is essential for achieving practical quantum computing but has a significant computational overhead. Among fault-tolerant (FT) gate operations, non-Clifford gates, such as $T$, are particularly expensive due to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-27 Tianyi Hao , Amanda Xu , Swamit Tannu

We present hybrid Gibbs sampling algorithms for the stabilizer code Hamiltonians of the rotated surface code and the toric code with only local quantum algorithms, using $\sim L/2$ quantum circuit depth to prepare the Gibbs state of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-17 Ivan H. C. Shum , Angela Capel

Virtual distillation is a technique that aims to mitigate errors in noisy quantum computers. It works by preparing multiple copies of a noisy quantum state, bridging them through a circuit, and conducting measurements. As the number of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-10-11 Peiyi Li , Ji Liu , Hrushikesh Pramod Patil , Paul Hovland , Huiyang Zhou

We propose a novel method to calculate logical error rates in surface codes, assuming independent and identically distributed physical errors. We show how to use our method to analyze hypothetical quantum computers with various…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-06 Shaked Regev , Daniel Dilley , Andrea Delgado , Ryan Bennink

The failure susceptibility of the quantum hardware will force quantum computers to execute fault-tolerant quantum circuits. These circuits are based on quantum error correcting codes, and there is increasing evidence that one of the most…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-01-31 Alexandru Paler

Fault tolerance is widely regarded as indispensable for achieving scalable and reliable quantum computing. However, the spacetime overhead required for fault-tolerant quantum computating remains prohibitively large. A critical challenge…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-26 Pei Zeng , Guo Zheng , Qian Xu , Liang Jiang

We analyze the resource overhead of recently proposed methods for universal fault-tolerant quantum computation using concatenated codes. Namely, we examine the concatenation of the 7-qubit Steane code with the 15-qubit Reed-Muller code,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2017-06-20 Christopher Chamberland , Tomas Jochym-O'Connor , Raymond Laflamme

We construct a self-correcting CCZ state (the "AutoCCZ") with embedded delayed choice CZs for completing gate teleportations. Using the AutoCCZ state we create efficient surface code spacetime layouts for both a depth-limited circuit (a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-23 Craig Gidney , Austin G. Fowler

Triorthogonal codes are a class of quantum error correcting codes used in magic state distillation protocols. We classify all triorthogonal codes with $n+k \le 38$, where $n$ is the number of physical qubits and $k$ is the number of logical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-07-29 Sepehr Nezami , Jeongwan Haah

In fault-tolerant quantum computation, the preparation of logical states is a ubiquitous subroutine, yet significant challenges persist even for the simplest states required. In the present work, we present a unitary, scalable,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-09 Luis Colmenarez , Remmy Zen , Jan Olle , Florian Marquardt , Markus Müller

We describe an efficient, fully fault-tolerant implementation of Measurement-Based Quantum Computation (MBQC) in the 3D cluster state. The two key novelties are (i) the introduction of a lattice defect in the underlying cluster state and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-11 Gabrielle Tournaire , Marvin Schwiering , Robert Raussendorf , Sven Bachmann

We develop an efficient local operation and classical communication (LOCC) scheme for the distillation of Greenberger-Horne-Zeilinger (GHZ) states from tripartite systems subjected to both coherent and incoherent errors. The proposed method…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-01-22 Áron Rozgonyi , Gábor Széchenyi , Orsolya Kálmán , Tamás Kiss

We establish lower-bounds on the number of resource states, also known as magic states, needed to perform various quantum computing tasks, treating stabilizer operations as free. Our bounds apply to adaptive computations using measurements…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-02 Michael Beverland , Earl Campbell , Mark Howard , Vadym Kliuchnikov

Fast, reliable logical operations are essential for realizing useful quantum computers. By redundantly encoding logical qubits into many physical qubits and using syndrome measurements to detect and correct errors, one can achieve low…

The possibility of using the two-fold topological degeneracy of spin-1/2 chiral spin liquid states on the torus to construct quantum error correcting codes is investigated. It is shown that codes constructed using these states on finite…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-06 N. E. Bonesteel

A quantum error correcting code protects encoded logical information against errors. Transversal gates are a naturally fault-tolerant way to manipulate logical qubits but cannot be universal themselves. Protocols such as magic state…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-03 Eric Huang , Pierre-Gabriel Rozon , Arpit Dua , Sarang Gopalakrishnan , Michael J. Gullans

We study how well topological quantum codes can tolerate coherent noise caused by systematic unitary errors such as unwanted $Z$-rotations. Our main result is an efficient algorithm for simulating quantum error correction protocols based on…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-11-01 Sergey Bravyi , Matthias Englbrecht , Robert Koenig , Nolan Peard

Knowledge distillation has been applied to various tasks successfully. The current distillation algorithm usually improves students' performance by imitating the output of the teacher. This paper shows that teachers can also improve…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Zhendong Yang , Zhe Li , Mingqi Shao , Dachuan Shi , Zehuan Yuan , Chun Yuan

In ideal quantum circuits, qubits are tacitly assumed to be uniformly fabricated and operated by prescribed signals. In reality, however, we must cope with different control signals to adjust individual qubits, which requires a large…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-10-15 Tetsufumi Tanamoto , Masahito Ueda