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We consider automorphism ensemble decoding (AED) of quasi-cyclic (QC) low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes. Belief propagation (BP) decoding on the conventional factor graph is equivariant to the quasi-cyclic automorphisms and therefore…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2022-08-17 Marvin Geiselhart , Moustafa Ebada , Ahmed Elkelesh , Jannis Clausius , Stephan ten Brink

Realizing the full potential of quantum computation requires Quantum Error Correction (QEC). QEC reduces error rates by encoding logical information across redundant physical qubits, enabling errors to be detected and corrected. A common…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-05 Yotam Peled , David Zenati , Eliya Nachmani

Max-product Belief Propagation (BP) is a popular message-passing algorithm for computing a Maximum-A-Posteriori (MAP) assignment over a distribution represented by a Graphical Model (GM). It has been shown that BP can solve a number of…

Data Structures and Algorithms · Computer Science 2015-09-24 Sungsoo Ahn , Sejun Park , Michael Chertkov , Jinwoo Shin

Threshold estimation is central to fault-tolerant quantum computing, but the reported threshold depends not only on the code and noise model, but also on the decoder used to interpret syndrome data. We study this dependence for surface-code…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-01 Dennis Delali Kwesi Wayo , Chinonso Onah , Leonardo Goliatt , Sven Groppe

The minimum-weight perfect matching (MWPM) decoder is a standard decoding strategy for surface codes, but its performance degrades considerably under biased noise. In this paper, a modified surface code, termed the XYZ planar code, is…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Zhiwei Wang , Liqi Wang

The surface code is one of the most promising candidates for combating errors in large scale fault-tolerant quantum computation. A fault-tolerant decoder is a vital part of the error correction process---it is the algorithm which computes…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-09-15 Fern H. E. Watson , Hussain Anwar , Dan E. Browne

We consider near maximum-likelihood (ML) decoding of short linear block codes. In particular, we propose a novel decoding approach based on neural belief propagation (NBP) decoding recently introduced by Nachmani et al. in which we allow a…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-11-30 Andreas Buchberger , Christian Häger , Henry D. Pfister , Laurent Schmalen , Alexandre Graell i Amat

The equivalence of peeling decoding (PD) and Belief Propagation (BP) for low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes over the binary erasure channel is analyzed. Modifying the scheduling for PD, it is shown that exactly the same variable nodes…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-04-19 Markus Stinner , Luca Barletta , Pablo M. Olmos

Spatially coupled codes have been of interest recently owing to their superior performance over memoryless binary-input channels. The performance is good both asymptotically, since the belief propagation thresholds approach capacity, as…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2012-12-03 Aravind R. Iyengar , Paul H. Siegel , Rudiger L. Urbanke , Jack K. Wolf

Quantum low-density parity-check (qLDPC) codes are promising for realizing scalable fault-tolerant quantum computation due to their potential for low-overhead protocols. A common approach to decoding qLDPC codes is to use the belief…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-13 Kento Tsubouchi , Hayata Yamasaki , Shiro Tamiya

We describe an empirical approach to identify low-weight combinations of columns of the decoding matrices of a quantum circuit-level noise model, for which belief-propagation (BP) algorithms converge possibly very slowly. Focusing on the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-20 Haggai Landa

The development of practical, high-performance decoding algorithms reduces the resource cost of fault-tolerant quantum computing. Here we propose a decoder for the surface code that finds low-weight correction operators for errors produced…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-02-19 Asmae Benhemou , Kaavya Sahay , Lingling Lao , Benjamin J. Brown

A novel deep learning method for improving the belief propagation algorithm is proposed. The method generalizes the standard belief propagation algorithm by assigning weights to the edges of the Tanner graph. These edges are then trained…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-10-03 Eliya Nachmani , Yair Beery , David Burshtein

Errors in surface code have typically been decoded by Minimum Weight Perfect Matching (MWPM) based method. Recently, neural-network-based Machine Learning (ML) techniques have been employed for this purpose. Here we propose a two-level (low…

Hardware-friendly quantum low-density parity-check (QLDPC) decoders are commonly built upon belief propagation (BP) processing. Yet, quantum degeneracy often prevents BP from achieving reliable convergence. To overcome this fundamental…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-18 Lorenzo Valentini , Diego Forlivesi , Andrea Talarico , Marco Chiani

We study the performance of medium-length quantum LDPC (QLDPC) codes in the depolarizing channel. Only degenerate codes with the maximal stabilizer weight much smaller than their minimum distance are considered. It is shown that with the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-24 Pavel Panteleev , Gleb Kalachev

Quantum error correction (QEC) is often implemented on hardware that experiences biased noise, where dephasing errors occur more frequently than other errors. This has motivated many recent efforts to develop bias-tailored QEC codes, such…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-28 Arianna Meinking , Julie Campos , Kenneth R. Brown

Quantum error correction (QEC) for fault-tolerant quantum computing requires a balanced decoding solution that offers high performance, low complexity, and low latency. However, the de facto standard, belief propagation (BP) combined with…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-04 Hee-Youl Kwak , Seong-Joon Park , Hyunwoo Jung , Jeongseok Ha , Jae-Won Kim

We present the tree-structure expectation propagation (Tree-EP) algorithm to decode low-density parity-check (LDPC) codes over discrete memoryless channels (DMCs). EP generalizes belief propagation (BP) in two ways. First, it can be used…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-03-19 Pablo M. Olmos , Juan José Murillo-Fuentes , Fernando Pérez-Cruz

We introduce a new method for decoding short and moderate length linear block codes with dense parity-check matrix representations of cyclic form, termed multiple-bases belief-propagation (MBBP). The proposed iterative scheme makes use of…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-15 Thorsten Hehn , Johannes B. Huber , Olgica Milenkovic , Stefan Laendner