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Software-in-the-loop (SIL) simulation is a widely used method for the rapid development and testing of autonomous vehicles because of its flexibility and efficiency. This paper presents a case study on the validation of an in-house…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Zhennan Fei , Mikael Andersson , Andreas Tingberg

Virtual scenario-based testing methods to validate autonomous driving systems are predominantly centred around collision avoidance, and lack a comprehensive approach to evaluate optimal driving behaviour holistically. Furthermore, current…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Kethan Reddy , Elias Nassif , Panagiotis Angeloudis , Mohammed Quddus , Washington Ochieng

The implementation of connected and automated vehicle (CAV) technologies enables a novel computational framework for real-time control aimed at optimizing energy consumption with associated benefits. In this paper, we implement an optimal…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2020-06-01 A M Ishtiaque Mahbub , Vasanthi Karri , Darshil Parikh , Shyam Jade , Andreas A. Malikopoulos

Ensuring the safety of self-driving cars remains a major challenge due to the complexity and unpredictability of real-world driving environments. Traditional testing methods face significant limitations, such as the oracle problem, which…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-09 Tony Zhang , Burak Kantarci , Umair Siddique

Scenario-based testing using simulations is a cornerstone of Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) software validation. So far, developers needed to choose between low-fidelity 2D simulators to explore the scenario space efficiently, and high-fidelity…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Marc Kaufeld , Korbinian Moller , Alessio Gambi , Paolo Arcaini , Johannes Betz

Many organizations are developing autonomous driving systems, which are expected to be deployed at a large scale in the near future. Despite this, there is a lack of agreement on appropriate methods to test, debug, and certify the…

Systems and Control · Computer Science 2019-01-09 Cumhur Erkan Tuncali , Georgios Fainekos , Hisahiro Ito , James Kapinski

Simulation-based testing represents an important step to ensure the reliability of autonomous driving software. In practice, when companies rely on third-party general-purpose simulators, either for in-house or outsourced testing, the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-10-10 Matteo Biagiola , Andrea Stocco , Vincenzo Riccio , Paolo Tonella

The development of safety applications for Connected Automated Vehicles requires testing in many different scenarios. However, the recreation of test scenarios for evaluating safety applications is a very challenging task. This is mainly…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2021-12-15 Nitish Gupta

Traffic simulation is an efficient and cost-effective way to test Autonomous Vehicles (AVs) in a complex and dynamic environment. Numerous studies have been conducted for AV evaluation using traffic simulation over the past decades.…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-10-15 Pei Li , Arpan Kusari , David J. LeBlanc

The current approach for new Advanced Driver Assistance System (ADAS) and Connected and Automated Driving (CAD) function development involves a significant amount of public road testing which is inefficient due to the number miles that need…

Robotics · Computer Science 2024-10-08 Xincheng Cao , Haochong Chen , Bilin Aksun-Guvenc , Levent Guvenc

Present grid infrastructure is unprepared for the wide-scale integration of electric vehicles (EVs). Real-time grid simulation and hardware testing are necessary for the fast and accurate development of EV charging control strategies that…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-05-03 Calvin Flack , Emin Ucer , Charles Parker Smith , Mithat Kisacikoglu

Simulation frameworks have been key enablers for the development and validation of autonomous driving systems. However, existing methods struggle to comprehensively address the autonomy-oriented requirements of balancing: (i) dynamical…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Tanmay Vilas Samak , Chinmay Vilas Samak , Bing Li , Venkat Krovi

Connectivity and automation are increasingly getting importance in the automotive industry, which is observing a radical change from vehicles driven by humans to fully automated and remotely controlled ones. The test and validation of all…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-05-28 Babak Mafakheri , Pierpaolo Gonnella , Alessandro Bazzi , Barbara Mavi Masini , Michele Caggiano , Roberto Verdone

Vision-Language Models (VLMs) have demonstrated notable promise in autonomous driving by offering the potential for multimodal reasoning through pretraining on extensive image-text pairs. However, adapting these models from broad web-scale…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Yupeng Zhou , Can Cui , Juntong Peng , Zichong Yang , Juanwu Lu , Jitesh H Panchal , Bin Yao , Ziran Wang

Self-driving technology is expected to revolutionize different sectors and is seen as the natural evolution of road vehicles. In the last years, real-world validation of designed and virtually tested solutions is growing in importance since…

Robotics · Computer Science 2022-02-15 Stefano Arrigoni , Simone Mentasti , Federico Cheli , Matteo Matteucci , Francesco Braghin

While recent developments in autonomous vehicle (AV) technology highlight substantial progress, we lack tools for rigorous and scalable testing. Real-world testing, the $\textit{de facto}$ evaluation environment, places the public in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-01-15 Matthew O'Kelly , Aman Sinha , Hongseok Namkoong , John Duchi , Russ Tedrake

Off-road autonomy validation presents unique challenges due to the unpredictable and dynamic nature of off-road environments. Traditional methods focusing on sequentially sweeping across the parameter space for variability analysis struggle…

We discuss a platform that has both software and hardware components, and whose purpose is to support research into characterizing and mitigating the sim-to-real gap in robotics and vehicle autonomy engineering. The software is…

This paper presents a digital-twin platform for active safety analysis in mixed traffic environments. The platform is built using a multi-modal data-enabled traffic environment constructed from drone-based aerial LiDAR, OpenStreetMap, and…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-04-28 Hao Zhang , Ximin Yue , Kexin Tian , Sixu Li , Keshu Wu , Zihao Li , Dominique Lord , Yang Zhou