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Related papers: Classical shadows for non-iid quantum sources

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We generalize the classical shadow tomography scheme to a broad class of finite-depth or finite-time local unitary ensembles, known as locally scrambled quantum dynamics, where the unitary ensemble is invariant under local basis…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-27 Hong-Ye Hu , Soonwon Choi , Yi-Zhuang You

Classical shadows are a powerful method for learning many properties of quantum states in a sample-efficient manner, by making use of randomized measurements. Here we study the sample complexity of learning the expectation value of Pauli…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-06-13 Matteo Ippoliti , Yaodong Li , Tibor Rakovszky , Vedika Khemani

Classical shadow tomography is a sample-efficient technique for characterizing quantum systems and predicting many of their properties. Circuit cutting is a technique for dividing large quantum circuits into smaller fragments that can be…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-21 Daniel T. Chen , Zain H. Saleem , Michael A. Perlin

Efficiently estimating properties of large and strongly coupled quantum systems is a central focus in many-body physics and quantum information theory. While quantum computers promise speedups for many such tasks, near-term devices are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-28 Senrui Chen , Wenjun Yu , Pei Zeng , Steven T. Flammia

Classical shadow tomography, harnessing randomized informationally complete (IC) measurements, provides an effective avenue for predicting many properties of unknown quantum states with sample-efficient precision. Projections onto $2^n+1$…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-22 Yu Wang , Wei Cui

The rapid development of quantum technology demands efficient characterization of complex quantum many-body states. However, full quantum state tomography requires an exponential number of measurements in system size, preventing its…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-04 Yadong Wu , Ce Wang , Juan Yao , Hui Zhai , Yi-Zhuang You , Pengfei Zhang

The method of classical shadows heralds unprecedented opportunities for quantum estimation with limited measurements [H.-Y. Huang, R. Kueng, and J. Preskill, Nat. Phys. 16, 1050 (2020)]. Yet its relationship to established quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-07-19 Joseph M. Lukens , Kody J. H. Law , Ryan S. Bennink

Accurate estimation of observables in quantum systems is a central challenge in quantum information science, yet practical implementations are fundamentally constrained by the limited number of measurement shots. In this work we explore a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-05 Keijo Korhonen , Stefano Mangini , Joonas Malmi , Hetta Vappula , Daniel Cavalcanti

Advances in quantum technology require scalable techniques to efficiently extract information from a quantum system, such as expectation values of observables or its entropy. Traditional tomography is limited to a handful of qubits and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-29 H. Chau Nguyen , Jan Lennart Bönsel , Jonathan Steinberg , Otfried Gühne

Shadow tomography is a framework for constructing succinct descriptions of quantum states using randomized measurement bases, called classical shadows, with powerful methods to bound the estimators used. We recast existing experimental…

Expectation values of observables are routinely estimated using so-called classical shadows$\unicode{x2014}$the outcomes of randomized bases measurements on a repeatedly prepared quantum state. In order to trust the accuracy of shadow…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-03-07 Raphael Brieger , Markus Heinrich , Ingo Roth , Martin Kliesch

Quantum process tomography is a powerful tool for understanding quantum channels and characterizing properties of quantum devices. Inspired by recent advances using classical shadows in quantum state tomography [H.-Y. Huang, R. Kueng, and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-12 Ryan Levy , Di Luo , Bryan K. Clark

Quantum mechanics provides cryptographic primitives whose security is grounded in hardness assumptions independent of those underlying classical cryptography. However, existing proposals require low-noise quantum communication and…

A crucial subroutine for various quantum computing and communication algorithms is to efficiently extract different classical properties of quantum states. In a notable recent theoretical work by Huang, Kueng, and Preskill [Nat. Phys. 16,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-11-19 Ting Zhang , Jinzhao Sun , Xiao-Xu Fang , Xiao-Ming Zhang , Xiao Yuan , He Lu

Classical shadows constitute a protocol to estimate the expectation values of a collection of M observables acting on O(1) qubits of an unknown n-qubit state with a number of measurements that is independent of n and that grows only…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-10-03 Giacomo De Palma , Tristan Klein , Davide Pastorello

Extracting information efficiently from quantum systems is a major component of quantum information processing tasks. Randomized measurements, or classical shadows, enable predicting many properties of arbitrary quantum states using few…

Predicting features of complex, large-scale quantum systems is essential to the characterization and engineering of quantum architectures. We present an efficient approach for constructing an approximate classical description, called the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-11-26 Hsin-Yuan Huang , Richard Kueng

A scalable Bayesian machine learning framework is introduced for estimating scalar properties of an unknown quantum state from measurement data, which bypasses full density matrix reconstruction. This work is the first to integrate the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-08 Hyunho Cha , Wonjung Kim , Jungwoo Lee

Classical shadow tomography (CST) involves obtaining enough classical descriptions of an unknown state via quantum measurements to predict the outcome of a set of quantum observables. CST has numerous applications, particularly in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-22 Zahra Honjani , Mohsen Heidari

Shadow tomography aims to build a classical description of a quantum state from a sequence of simple random measurements. Physical observables are then reconstructed from the resulting classical shadow. Shadow protocols which use…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-14 Sumner N. Hearth , Michael O. Flynn , Anushya Chandran , Chris R. Laumann