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The accurate prediction of phase diagrams is of central importance for both the fundamental understanding of materials as well as for technological applications in material sciences. However, the computational prediction of the relative…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-11-26 Maximilian Schebek , Michele Invernizzi , Frank Noé , Jutta Rogal

The use of generative models to sample equilibrium distributions of many-body systems, as first demonstrated by Boltzmann Generators, has attracted substantial interest due to their ability to produce unbiased and uncorrelated samples in…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-10-23 Maximilian Schebek , Frank Noé , Jutta Rogal

We describe in detail a recently proposed lattice-Boltzmann model for simulating flows with multiple phases and components. In particular, the focus is on the modeling of one-component fluid systems which obey non-ideal gas equations of…

comp-gas · Physics 2009-10-22 Xiaowen Shan , Hudong Chen

Sampling equilibrium molecular configurations from the Boltzmann distribution is a longstanding challenge. Boltzmann Generators (BGs) address this by combining exact-likelihood generative models with importance sampling, but practical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Weilong Chen , Bojun Zhao , Jan Eckwert , Julija Zavadlav

The generation of equilibrium samples of molecular systems has been a long-standing problem in statistical physics. Boltzmann Generators are a generative machine learning method that addresses this issue by learning a transformation via a…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-02-04 Leon Klein , Frank Noé

Computing equilibrium states in condensed-matter many-body systems, such as solvated proteins, is a long-standing challenge. Lacking methods for generating statistically independent equilibrium samples in "one shot", vast computational…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2019-07-15 Frank Noé , Simon Olsson , Jonas Köhler , Hao Wu

A fluctuating non-ideal fluid at its critical point is simulated with the Lattice Boltzmann method. It is demonstrated that the method, employing a Ginzburg-Landau free energy functional, correctly reproduces the static critical behavior…

Computational Physics · Physics 2012-07-03 M. Gross , F. Varnik

Boltzmann generators (BGs) are now recognized as forefront generative models for sampling equilibrium states of many-body systems in the canonical ensemble, as well as for calculating the corresponding Helmholtz free energy. Furthermore,…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2023-05-16 Steyn van Leeuwen , Alberto Pérez de Alba Ortíz , Marjolein Dijkstra

Efficient sampling from high-dimensional and multimodal unnormalized probability distributions is a central challenge in many areas of science and machine learning. We focus on Boltzmann generators (BGs) that aim to sample the Boltzmann…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Christopher von Klitzing , Denis Blessing , Henrik Schopmans , Pascal Friederich , Gerhard Neumann

Scalable sampling of molecular states in thermodynamic equilibrium is a long-standing challenge in statistical physics. Boltzmann Generators tackle this problem by pairing a generative model, capable of exact likelihood computation, with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Danyal Rehman , Tara Akhound-Sadegh , Artem Gazizov , Yoshua Bengio , Alexander Tong

We propose a lattice Boltzmann color-gradient model for immiscible ternary fluid flows, which is applicable to the fluids with a full range of interfacial tensions, especially in near-critical and critical states. An interfacial force for…

Computational Physics · Physics 2018-08-28 Yuan Yu , Haihu Liu , Dong Liang , Yonghao Zhang

In this paper, we develop an efficient lattice Boltzmann (LB) model for simulating immiscible incompressible $N$-phase flows $(N \geq 2)$ based on the Cahn-Hilliard phase field theory. In order to facilitate the design of LB model and…

Computational Physics · Physics 2020-07-08 Xiaolei Yuan , Hong Liang , Zhenhua Chai , Baochang Shi

We quantitatively characterize the metastability in a multi-phase lattice Boltzmann model. The structure factor of density fluctuations is theoretically obtained and numerically verified to a high precision, for all simulated wave-vectors…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2022-12-20 Matteo Lulli , Luca Biferale , Giacomo Falcucci , Mauro Sbragaglia , Dong Yang , Xiaowen Shan

Efficient sampling from the Boltzmann distribution given its energy function is a key challenge for modeling complex physical systems such as molecules. Boltzmann Generators address this problem by leveraging continuous normalizing flows to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Rishal Aggarwal , Jacky Chen , Nicholas M. Boffi , David Ryan Koes

Efficient sampling of unnormalized probability densities such as the Boltzmann distribution of molecular systems is a longstanding challenge. Next to conventional approaches like molecular dynamics or Markov chain Monte Carlo, variational…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-18 Henrik Schopmans , Pascal Friederich

Sampling physical systems with rough energy landscapes is hindered by rare events and metastable trapping. While Boltzmann generators already offer a solution, their reliance on the reverse Kullback--Leibler divergence frequently induces…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Guang Lin , Christian Moya , Di Qi , Xuda Ye

Accurate calculations of solvation free energies remain a central challenge in molecular simulations, often requiring extensive sampling and numerous alchemical intermediates to ensure sufficient overlap between phase-space distributions of…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2026-04-02 Maximilian Schebek , Nikolas M. Froböse , Bettina G. Keller , Jutta Rogal

Generative diffusion models have achieved spectacular performance in many areas of machine learning and generative modeling. While the fundamental ideas behind these models come from non-equilibrium physics, variational inference and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-06-21 Luca Ambrogioni

The liquid-gas density ratio is a key property of multiphase flow methods to model real fluid systems. Here, a chemical-potential multiphase lattice Boltzmann method is constructed to realize extremely large density ratios. The simulations…

Computational Physics · Physics 2020-07-15 Binghai Wen , Liang Zhao , Wen Qiu , Yong Ye , Xiaowen Shan

Sampling equilibrium distributions is fundamental to statistical mechanics. While flow matching has emerged as scalable state-of-the-art paradigm for generative modeling, its potential for equilibrium sampling in condensed-phase systems…

Computational Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Emil Hoffmann , Maximilian Schebek , Leon Klein , Frank Noé , Jutta Rogal
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