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Social media platforms are critical spaces for public discourse, shaping opinions and community dynamics, yet their widespread use has amplified harmful content, particularly hate speech, threatening online safety and inclusivity. While…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-11 Muhammad Usman , Muhammad Ahmad , M. Shahiki Tash , Irina Gelbukh , Rolando Quintero Tellez , Grigori Sidorov

Offensive Language detection in social media platforms has been an active field of research over the past years. In non-native English spoken countries, social media users mostly use a code-mixed form of text in their posts/comments. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Charangan Vasantharajan , Uthayasanker Thayasivam

Code-switching is a common phenomenon among people with diverse lingual background and is widely used on the internet for communication purposes. In this paper, we present a Recurrent Neural Network combined with the Attention Model for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-04 Aizaz Hussain , Muhammad Umair Arshad

This literature review surveys the advancements of keyword spotting (KWS) technologies, specifically focusing on Urdu, Pakistan's low-resource language (LRL), which has complex phonetics. Despite the global strides in speech technology,…

Audio and Speech Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-09-26 Syed Muhammad Aqdas Rizvi

Cross-Lingual SynthDocs is a large-scale synthetic corpus designed to address the scarcity of Arabic resources for Optical Character Recognition (OCR) and Document Understanding (DU). The dataset comprises over 2.5 million of samples,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-10 Haneen Al-Homoud , Asma Ibrahim , Murtadha Al-Jubran , Fahad Al-Otaibi , Yazeed Al-Harbi , Daulet Toibazar , Kesen Wang , Pedro J. Moreno

In the recent past, social media platforms have helped people in connecting and communicating to a wider audience. But this has also led to a drastic increase in cyberbullying. It is essential to detect and curb hate speech to keep the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-11-02 Ravindra Nayak , Raviraj Joshi

Digital text is increasing day by day on the internet. It is very challenging to classify a large and heterogeneous collection of data, which require improved information processing methods to organize text. To classify large size of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-07-08 Taimoor Ahmed Javed , Waseem Shahzad , Umair Arshad

This paper describes our system for SemEval-2021 Task 5 on Toxic Spans Detection. We developed ensemble models using BERT-based neural architectures and post-processing to combine tokens into spans. We evaluated several pre-trained language…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-08-30 Mikhail Kotyushev , Anna Glazkova , Dmitry Morozov

Topic detection is a complex process and depends on language because it somehow needs to analyze text. There have been few studies on topic detection in Persian, and the existing algorithms are not remarkable. Therefore, we aimed to study…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Elnaz Zafarani-Moattar , Mohammad Reza Kangavari , Amir Masoud Rahmani

Parsing is the process of analyzing a sentence's syntactic structure by breaking it down into its grammatical components. and is critical for various linguistic applications. Urdu is a low-resource, free word-order language and exhibits…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-03 Nudrat Habib

Structured text understanding on Visually Rich Documents (VRDs) is a crucial part of Document Intelligence. Due to the complexity of content and layout in VRDs, structured text understanding has been a challenging task. Most existing…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-09 Yulin Li , Yuxi Qian , Yuchen Yu , Xiameng Qin , Chengquan Zhang , Yan Liu , Kun Yao , Junyu Han , Jingtuo Liu , Errui Ding

Machine-generated texts (MGTs) pose risks such as disinformation and phishing, underscoring the need for reliable detection. Metric-based methods, which extract statistically distinguishable features of MGTs, are often more practical than…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Chenwang Wu , Yiuming Cheung , Bo Han , Shuhai Zhang , Defu Lian

Current Machine Translation (MT) systems for Arabic often struggle to account for dialectal diversity, frequently homogenizing dialectal inputs into Modern Standard Arabic (MSA) and offering limited user control over the target vernacular.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-09 Afroza Nowshin , Prithweeraj Acharjee Porag , Haziq Jeelani , Fayeq Jeelani Syed

The rise of social networks has not only facilitated communication but also allowed the spread of harmful content. Although significant advances have been made in detecting toxic language in textual data, the exploration of concept-based…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Samarth Garg , Divya Singh , Deeksha Varshney , Mamta

Hope speech has been relatively underrepresented in Natural Language Processing (NLP). Current studies are largely focused on English, which has resulted in a lack of resources for low-resource languages such as Urdu. As a result, the…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-17 Ahmed Abdullah , Sana Fatima , Haroon Mahmood

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have led to strong reasoning capabilities; however, evaluating such models in low-resource languages remains challenging due to the lack of standardized benchmarks. In particular, Urdu…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Muhammad Ali Shafique , Areej Mehboob , Layba Fiaz , Muhammad Usman Qadeer , Hamza Farooq

This paper describes our approach on Query Word Labeling as an attempt in the shared task on Mixed Script Information Retrieval at Forum for Information Retrieval Evaluation (FIRE) 2015. The query is written in Roman script and the words…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2016-08-01 Satanu Ghosh , Souvick Ghosh , Dipankar Das

The increasing accessibility of the internet facilitated social media usage and encouraged individuals to express their opinions liberally. Nevertheless, it also creates a place for content polluters to disseminate offensive posts or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-03-02 Omar Sharif , Eftekhar Hossain , Mohammed Moshiul Hoque

Recent advancements in deep learning have created many opportunities to solve real-world problems that remained unsolved for more than a decade. Automatic caption generation is a major research field, and the research community has done a…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-06-22 Inaam Ilahi , Hafiz Muhammad Abdullah Zia , Muhammad Ahtazaz Ahsan , Rauf Tabassam , Armaghan Ahmed

Cross-lingual speech emotion recognition is an important task for practical applications. The performance of automatic speech emotion recognition systems degrades in cross-corpus scenarios, particularly in scenarios involving multiple…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-07-29 Siddique Latif , Adnan Qayyum , Muhammad Usman , Junaid Qadir