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Agent self-improvement, where the backbone Large Language Model (LLM) of the agent are trained on trajectories sampled autonomously based on their own policies, has emerged as a promising approach for enhancing performance. Recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-08-22 Tianqing Fang , Hongming Zhang , Zhisong Zhang , Kaixin Ma , Wenhao Yu , Haitao Mi , Dong Yu

Language model (LM) agents have gained significant attention for their ability to autonomously complete tasks through interactions with environments, tools, and APIs. LM agents are primarily built with prompt engineering or supervised…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Renxi Wang , Rifo Ahmad Genadi , Bilal El Bouardi , Yongxin Wang , Fajri Koto , Zhengzhong Liu , Timothy Baldwin , Haonan Li

The rapid evolution of agentic AI marks a new phase in artificial intelligence, where Large Language Models (LLMs) no longer merely respond but act, reason, and adapt. This survey traces the paradigm shift in building agentic AI: from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Jitao Sang , Jinlin Xiao , Jiarun Han , Jilin Chen , Xiaoyi Chen , Shuyu Wei , Yongjie Sun , Yuhang Wang

Website Fingerprinting (WFP) uses deep learning models to classify encrypted network traffic to infer visited websites. While historically effective, prior methods fail to generalize to modern web environments. Single-page applications…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-17 Chuxu Song , Dheekshith Dev Manohar Mekala , Hao Wang , Richard Martin

Recent advances in foundation models, particularly Large Language Models (LLMs) and Multimodal Large Language Models (MLLMs), have facilitated the development of intelligent agents capable of performing complex tasks. By leveraging the…

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as agents, expected to decompose goals, invoke tools, and verify results in dynamic environments. Realizing these capabilities requires access to agentic data-structured interaction…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Abhigya Verma , Seganrasan Subramanian , Nandhakumar Kandasamy , Naman Gupta

Recent Graphical User Interface (GUI) agents replicate the R1-Zero paradigm, coupling online Reinforcement Learning (RL) with explicit chain-of-thought reasoning prior to object grounding and thereby achieving substantial performance gains.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-23 Yuqi Zhou , Sunhao Dai , Shuai Wang , Kaiwen Zhou , Qinglin Jia , Jun Xu

Recent advances in language model (LM) agents and function calling have enabled autonomous, feedback-driven systems to solve problems across various digital domains. To better understand the unique limitations of LM agents, we introduce…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-12 Dhruv Gautam , Spandan Garg , Jinu Jang , Neel Sundaresan , Roshanak Zilouchian Moghaddam

Frontier LLMs can navigate complex websites, but their cost and reliance on third-party APIs make local deployment impractical. We introduce Agent-as-Annotators, a framework that structures synthetic trajectory generation for web agents by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Xing Han Lù , Siva Reddy

The realization of Artificial General Intelligence (AGI) necessitates Embodied AI agents capable of robust spatial perception, effective task planning, and adaptive execution in physical environments. However, current large language models…

The latest advancements in AI and deep learning have led to a breakthrough in large language model (LLM)-based agents such as GPT-4. However, many commercial conversational agent development tools are pipeline-based and have limitations in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-08 Mina Foosherian , Hendrik Purwins , Purna Rathnayake , Touhidul Alam , Rui Teimao , Klaus-Dieter Thoben

Assessing the capacity of Large Language Models (LLMs) to plan and reason within the constraints of interactive environments is crucial for developing capable AI agents. We introduce $\textbf{LLM-BabyBench}$, a new benchmark suite designed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Omar Choukrani , Idriss Malek , Daniil Orel , Zhuohan Xie , Zangir Iklassov , Martin Takáč , Salem Lahlou

Autonomous agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have the potential to enhance human capabilities, assisting with digital tasks from sending emails to performing data analysis. The abilities of existing LLMs at such tasks are often…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-22 Hongjin Su , Ruoxi Sun , Jinsung Yoon , Pengcheng Yin , Tao Yu , Sercan Ö. Arık

The development of agents powered by large language models (LLMs) to accomplish complex high-level user intents, has attracted significant attention recently. However, employing LLMs with billions of parameters (e.g., GPT-4) may incur…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Moghis Fereidouni , Adib Mosharrof , A. B. Siddique

Most existing large language models (LLMs) are expensive to adapt after deployment, especially when a task requires newly produced information or niche domain knowledge. Recent work has shown that, by manipulating and optimizing their…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Zeyu Huang , Adhiguna Kuncoro , Qixuan Feng , Jiajun Shen , Lucio Dery , Arthur Szlam , Marc'Aurelio Ranzato

LLM-based web agents show immense promise for information seeking, yet their effectiveness on long-horizon tasks is hindered by a fundamental trade-off in context management. Prevailing ReAct-based agents suffer from context saturation as…

Recent research highlights the potential of multimodal foundation models in tackling complex decision-making challenges. However, their large parameters make real-world deployment resource-intensive and often impractical for constrained…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-19 Donghoon Lee , Tung M. Luu , Younghwan Lee , Chang D. Yoo

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have led to the development of intelligent LLM-based agents capable of interacting with graphical user interfaces (GUIs). These agents demonstrate strong reasoning and adaptability,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-16 Wenjia Jiang , Yangyang Zhuang , Chenxi Song , Xu Yang , Joey Tianyi Zhou , Chi Zhang

Recent advancements in large language models (LLMs) have significantly improved the capabilities of web agents. However, effectively navigating complex and dynamic web environments still requires more advanced trajectory-level planning and…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Yifei Gao , Junhong Ye , Jiaqi Wang , Jitao Sang

LLM workflows, which coordinate structured calls to individual LLMs/agents to achieve a particular goal, offer a promising path towards building powerful AI systems that can tackle diverse tasks. However, existing approaches for building…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-04 Hongyeon Yu , Young-Bum Kim , Yoon Kim