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How would a cellular network designed for high energy efficiency look like? To answer this fundamental question, we model cellular networks using stochastic geometry and optimize the energy efficiency with respect to the density of base…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-06-04 Emil Björnson , Luca Sanguinetti , Marios Kountouris

It is important to assess the effect of transmit power allocation schemes on the energy consumption on random cellular networks. The energy efficiency of 5G green cellular networks with average and water-filling power allocation schemes is…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2015-12-11 Xiaohu Ge , Jiaqi Chen , Cheng-xiang Wang , John Thompson , Jing Zhang

Large-scale distributed antenna systems with many access points (APs) that serve the users by coherent joint transmission is being considered for 5G-and-beyond networks. The technology is called Cell-free Massive MIMO and can provide a more…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2020-06-30 Trinh Van Chien , Emil Björnson , Erik G. Larsson

In this research paper, we propose a new type of energy-efficient Green AI architecture to support circular economies and address the contemporary challenge of sustainable resource consumption in modern systems. We introduce a multi-layered…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-17 Ripal Ranpara

The densification and expansion of wireless networks pose new challenges on energy efficiency. With a drastic increase of infrastructure nodes (e.g. ultra-dense deployment of small cells), the total energy consumption may easily exceed an…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2014-08-28 R. L. G. Cavalcante , S. Stańczak , M. Schubert , A. Eisenblätter , U. Türke

The carbon footprint concern in the development and deployment of 5G new radio systems has drawn the attention to several stakeholders. In this article, we analyze the critical power consuming component of all candidate 5G system…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2017-11-02 Miao Yao , Munawwar Sohul , Xiaofu Ma , Vuk Marojevic , Jeffrey H. Reed

Energy efficiency solutions are more vital for Green Mesh Network (GMN) campuses. Today students are benefited using these e-learning methodologies. Renewable energies such as solar, wind, hydro has tremendous applications on energy…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2015-05-19 G. Merlin Sheeba , Alamelu Nachiappan , P. H. Pavan Kumar , Prateek

In order to achieve the full potential of the Internet-of-Things, connectivity between devices should be ubiquitous and efficient. Wireless mesh networks are a critical component to achieve this ubiquitous connectivity for a wide range of…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2021-11-30 Nuno Paulino , Luís Pessoa , André Branquinho , Rafael Tavares , Igor Ferreira

Most cellular network communication strategies are focused on data traffic scenarios rather than energy balance and efficient utilization. Thus mobile users in hot cells may suffer from low throughput due to energy loading imbalance…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2015-05-05 Jianjun Yang , Bryson Payne , Markus Hitz , Zongming Fei , Le Li , Tongquan Wei

The explosive growth of artificial intelligence (AI) workloads in modern data centers demands a radical transformation of interconnect architectures. Traditional copper and optical wiring face fundamental challenges in latency, power…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Chong Han , Mingjie Zhu , Wenqi Zhao , Ziming Yu , Guolong Huang , Guangjian Wang , Wen Tong , Wenjun Zhang

Todays heterogeneous networks comprised of mostly macrocells and indoor small cells will not be able to meet the upcoming traffic demands. Indeed, it is forecasted that at least a 100x network capacity increase will be required to meet the…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2015-06-29 David Lopez-Perez , Ming Ding , Holger Claussen , Amir H. Jafari

Dramatic mobile data traffic growth has spurred a dense deployment of small cell base stations (SCBSs). Small cells enhance the spectrum efficiency and thus enlarge the capacity of mobile networks. Although SCBSs consume much less power…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2014-12-18 Tao Han , Nirwan Ansari

By relying on a wireless backhaul link, relay stations enhance the performance of cellular networks at low infrastructure cost, but at the same time, they can aggravate the interference issue. In this paper, we analyze for several relay…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-03-24 Fanny Parzysz , Mai Vu , François Gagnon

Edge intelligence enables AI inference at the network edge, co-located with or near the radio access network, rather than in centralized clouds or on mobile devices. It targets low-latency, resource-constrained applications with large data…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Jaume Anguera Peris , Joakim Jaldén

Small cell networks have recently been proposed as an important evolution path for the next-generation cellular networks. However, with more and more irregularly deployed base stations (BSs), it is becoming increasingly difficult to…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2013-06-27 C. Li , J. Zhang , K. B. Letaief

The increasing global push for carbon reduction highlights the importance of integrating renewable energy into the supply chain of cellular networks. However, due to the stochastic nature of renewable energy generation and the uneven load…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-21 Yuxi Zhao , Vicente Casares-Giner , Vicent Pla , Luis Guijarro , Iztok Humar , Yi Zhong , Xiaohu Ge

Sustainability is paramount in modern cellular networks, which face significant energy consumption challenges from rising mobile traffic and advancements in wireless technology. Cell-switching, well-established in literature as an effective…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-01-19 Metin Ozturk , Maryam Salamatmoghadasi , Halim Yanikomeroglu

As wireless networks evolve toward AI-integrated intelligence, conventional energy-efficiency metrics fail to capture the value of AI tasks. In this paper, we propose a novel EE metric called Token-Responsive Energy Efficiency (TREE), which…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-09-03 Tao Yu , Kaixuan Huang , Tengsheng Wang , Jihong Li , Shunqing Zhang , Shuangfeng Han , Xiaoyun Wang , Qunsong Zeng , Kaibin Huang , Vincent K. N. Lau

Traditional macro-cell networks are experiencing an upsurge of data traffic, and small-cells are deployed to help offload the traffic from macro-cells. Given the massive deployment of small-cells in a macro-cell, the aggregate power…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2016-11-15 Shijie Cai , Yueling Che , Lingjie Duan , Jing Wang , Shidong Zhou , Rui Zhang

The accelerating expansion of AI workloads is colliding with an energy landscape increasingly dominated by intermittent renewable generation. While vast quantities of zero-carbon energy are routinely curtailed, today's centralized…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Giuseppe Tomei , Andrea Mayer , Giuseppe Alcini , Stefano Salsano
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