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The rapid deployment of LLM-based autonomous agents has introduced safety risks that extend far beyond traditional LLM concerns, prompting a proliferation of safety benchmarks since late 2023. However, these benchmarks have developed…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Miles Q. Li , Benjamin C. M. Fung , Boyang Li , Heba Ismail , Farkhund Iqbal

As the performance of large language models (LLMs) continues to advance, their adoption in the medical domain is increasing. However, most existing risk evaluations largely focused on general safety benchmarks. In the medical applications,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Jean-Philippe Corbeil , Minseon Kim , Maxime Griot , Sheela Agarwal , Alessandro Sordoni , Francois Beaulieu , Paul Vozila

Considerable research efforts have been devoted to ensuring that large language models (LLMs) align with human values and generate safe text. However, an excessive focus on sensitivity to certain topics can compromise the model's robustness…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-08-29 Huachuan Qiu , Shuai Zhang , Anqi Li , Hongliang He , Zhenzhong Lan

While the deployment of large language models (LLMs) in high-value industries continues to expand, the systematic assessment of their safety against jailbreak and prompt-based attacks remains insufficient. Existing safety evaluation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-09 Xiuyuan Chen , Jian Zhao , Yuxiang He , Yuan Xun , Xinwei Liu , Yanshu Li , Huilin Zhou , Wei Cai , Ziyan Shi , Yuchen Yuan , Tianle Zhang , Chi Zhang , Xuelong Li

With the rapid popularity of large language models such as ChatGPT and GPT-4, a growing amount of attention is paid to their safety concerns. These models may generate insulting and discriminatory content, reflect incorrect social values,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-04-21 Hao Sun , Zhexin Zhang , Jiawen Deng , Jiale Cheng , Minlie Huang

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed for everyday tasks, including food preparation and health-related guidance. However, food safety remains a high-stakes domain where inaccurate or misleading information can cause severe…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-06 Weidi Luo , Xiaofei Wen , Tenghao Huang , Hongyi Wang , Zhen Xiang , Chaowei Xiao , Kristina Gligorić , Muhao Chen

With the rapid advancement of artificial intelligence, Large Language Models (LLMs) have shown remarkable capabilities in Natural Language Processing (NLP), including content generation, human-computer interaction, machine translation, and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Songyang Liu , Chaozhuo Li , Jiameng Qiu , Xi Zhang , Feiran Huang , Litian Zhang , Yiming Hei , Philip S. Yu

The rapid development and deployment of large language models (LLMs) have introduced a new frontier in artificial intelligence, marked by unprecedented capabilities in natural language understanding and generation. However, the increasing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-12-25 Dan Shi , Tianhao Shen , Yufei Huang , Zhigen Li , Yongqi Leng , Renren Jin , Chuang Liu , Xinwei Wu , Zishan Guo , Linhao Yu , Ling Shi , Bojian Jiang , Deyi Xiong

Multimodal Large Language Models are increasingly adopted as autonomous agents in interactive environments, yet their ability to proactively address safety hazards remains insufficient. We introduce SafetyALFRED, built upon the embodied…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Josue Torres-Fonseca , Naihao Deng , Yinpei Dai , Shane Storks , Yichi Zhang , Rada Mihalcea , Casey Kennington , Joyce Chai

Large language models (LLMs) undergo safety alignment after training and tuning, yet recent work shows that safety can be bypassed through jailbreak attacks. While many jailbreaks and defenses exist, their cross-lingual generalization…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Berk Atil , Rebecca J. Passonneau , Fred Morstatter

The growing integration of Large Language Models (LLMs) into critical societal domains has raised concerns about embedded biases that can perpetuate stereotypes and undermine fairness. Such biases may stem from historical inequalities in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Riccardo Cantini , Alessio Orsino , Massimo Ruggiero , Domenico Talia

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used by teenagers and young adults in everyday life, ranging from emotional support and creative expression to educational assistance. However, their unique vulnerabilities and risk profiles…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Yaman Yu , Yiren Liu , Jacky Zhang , Yun Huang , Yang Wang

As the use of large language models (LLMs) becomes increasingly global, understanding public attitudes toward these systems requires tools that are adapted to local contexts and languages. In the Arab world, LLM adoption has grown rapidly…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-10-16 Basad Barajeeh , Ala Yankouskaya , Sameha AlShakhsi , Chun Sing Maxwell Ho , Guandong Xu , Raian Ali

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly consulted by parents for pediatric guidance, yet their safety under real-world adversarial pressures is poorly understood. Anxious parents often use urgent language that can compromise model…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Vahideh Zolfaghari

As large language models (LLMs) are deployed in multilingual settings, their safety behavior in culturally diverse, low-resource languages remains poorly understood. We present the first systematic evaluation of LLM safety across 12 Indic…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Priyaranjan Pattnayak , Sanchari Chowdhuri

Many studies have demonstrated that large language models (LLMs) can produce harmful responses, exposing users to unexpected risks when LLMs are deployed. Previous studies have proposed comprehensive taxonomies of the risks posed by LLMs,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-06 Yuxia Wang , Zenan Zhai , Haonan Li , Xudong Han , Lizhi Lin , Zhenxuan Zhang , Jingru Zhao , Preslav Nakov , Timothy Baldwin

Large language models (LLMs) often demonstrate strong safety performance in high-resource languages, yet exhibit severe vulnerabilities when queried in low-resource languages. We attribute this gap to a mismatch between language-agnostic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Junxiao Yang , Haoran Liu , Jinzhe Tu , Jiale Cheng , Zhexin Zhang , Shiyao Cui , Jiaqi Weng , Jialing Tao , Hui Xue , Hongning Wang , Han Qiu , Minlie Huang

Building safe Large Language Models (LLMs) across multiple languages is essential in ensuring both safe access and linguistic diversity. To this end, we conduct a large-scale, comprehensive safety evaluation of the current LLM landscape.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Felix Friedrich , Simone Tedeschi , Patrick Schramowski , Manuel Brack , Roberto Navigli , Huu Nguyen , Bo Li , Kristian Kersting

Background Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed in medical consultations, yet their safety under realistic user pressures remains understudied. Prior assessments focused on neutral conditions, overlooking vulnerabilities…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-16 Vahideh Zolfaghari

Safety lies at the core of developing and deploying large language models (LLMs). However, previous safety benchmarks only concern the safety in one language, e.g. the majority language in the pretraining data such as English. In this work,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-21 Wenxuan Wang , Zhaopeng Tu , Chang Chen , Youliang Yuan , Jen-tse Huang , Wenxiang Jiao , Michael R. Lyu
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