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The advent of large language models (LLMs) has transformed information access and reasoning through open-ended natural language interaction. However, LLMs remain limited by static knowledge, factual hallucinations, and the inability to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-29 Minhua Lin , Zongyu Wu , Zhichao Xu , Hui Liu , Xianfeng Tang , Qi He , Charu Aggarwal , Hui Liu , Xiang Zhang , Suhang Wang

Deep-research agents are capable of executing multi-step web exploration, targeted retrieval, and sophisticated question answering. Despite their powerful capabilities, deep-research agents face two critical bottlenecks: (1) the lack of…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Tongzhou Wu , Yuhao Wang , Xinyu Ma , Xiuqiang He , Shuaiqiang Wang , Dawei Yin , Xiangyu Zhao

LLMs have fundamentally transformed dense retrieval, upgrading backbones from discriminative encoders to generative architectures. However, a critical disconnect remains: while LLMs possess strong reasoning capabilities, current retrievers…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Jiajie Jin , Yanzhao Zhang , Mingxin Li , Dingkun Long , Pengjun Xie , Yutao Zhu , Zhicheng Dou

In conversational search systems, a key component is to determine and clarify the intent behind complex queries. We view intent clarification in light of the exploratory search paradigm, where users, through an iterative, evolving process…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Maik Larooij

As LLMs shift toward autonomous agents, Deep Research has emerged as a pivotal metric. However, existing academic benchmarks like BrowseComp often fail to meet real-world demands for open-ended research, which requires robust skills in…

Reasoning-augmented search agents, such as Search-R1, are trained to reason, search, and generate the final answer iteratively. Nevertheless, due to their limited capabilities in reasoning and search, their performance on multi-hop QA…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Shu Zhao , Tan Yu , Anbang Xu

As agent-based systems continue to evolve, deep research agents are capable of automatically generating research-style reports across diverse domains. While these agents promise to streamline information synthesis and knowledge exploration,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Yi Yuan , Xuhong Wang , Shanzhe Lei

Retrieval-augmented agents are increasingly the interface to large organizational knowledge bases, yet most still treat retrieval as a black box: they issue exploratory queries, inspect returned snippets, and iteratively reformulate until…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Zeyu Yang , Qi Ma , Jason Chen , Anshumali Shrivastava

Large Language Models (LLMs) equipped with web search capabilities have demonstrated impressive potential for deep research tasks. However, current approaches predominantly rely on either manually engineered prompts (prompt…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-18 Yuxiang Zheng , Dayuan Fu , Xiangkun Hu , Xiaojie Cai , Lyumanshan Ye , Pengrui Lu , Pengfei Liu

Deep search agents have proven effective in enhancing LLMs by retrieving external knowledge during multi-step reasoning. However, existing methods often generate a single query for retrieval at each reasoning step, limiting information…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Jiabei Liu , Wenyu Mao , Junfei Tan , Chunxu Shen , Lingling Yi , Jiancan Wu , Xiang Wang

Agentic search such as Deep Research systems-where agents autonomously browse the web, synthesize information, and return comprehensive citation-backed answers-represents a major shift in how users interact with web-scale information. While…

Incident response (IR) requires fast, coordinated, and well-informed decision-making to contain and mitigate cyber threats. While large language models (LLMs) have shown promise as autonomous agents in simulated IR settings, their reasoning…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Zefang Liu , Arman Anwar

With automated systems increasingly issuing search queries alongside humans, Information Retrieval (IR) faces a major shift. Yet IR remains human-centred, with systems, evaluation metrics, user models, and datasets designed around human…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Francesca Pezzuti , Ophir Frieder , Fabrizio Silvestri , Sean MacAvaney , Nicola Tonellotto

Search-integrated reasoning enables language agents to transcend static parametric knowledge by actively querying external sources. However, training these agents via reinforcement learning is hindered by the multi-scale credit assignment…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-04 Bowei He , Minda Hu , Zenan Xu , Hongru Wang , Licheng Zong , Yankai Chen , Chen Ma , Xue Liu , Pluto Zhou , Irwin King

Recent deep search agents built on large reasoning models (LRMs) excel at complex question answering by iteratively planning, acting, and gathering evidence, a capability known as search-integrated reasoning. However, mainstream approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-10 Chen Zhang , Kuicai Dong , Dexun Li , Wenjun Li , Qu Yang , Wei Han , Yong Liu

Agentic Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) empowers large language models to autonomously plan and retrieve information for complex problem-solving. However, the development of robust agents is hindered by the scarcity of high-quality…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Zhengwei Tao , Bo Li , Jialong Wu , Guochen Yan , Huanyao Zhang , Jiahao Xu , Haitao Mi , Wentao Zhang

We introduce rStar2-Agent, a 14B math reasoning model trained with agentic reinforcement learning to achieve frontier-level performance. Beyond current long CoT, the model demonstrates advanced cognitive behaviors, such as thinking…

LLM-powered search agents are increasingly being used for multi-step information seeking tasks, yet the IR community lacks empirical understanding of how agentic search sessions unfold and how retrieved evidence is reflected in later…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-04-30 Jingjie Ning , João Coelho , Yibo Kong , Yunfan Long , Bruno Martins , João Magalhães , Jamie Callan , Chenyan Xiong

Large language models (LLMs) have recently shown strong progress on scientific reasoning, yet two major bottlenecks remain. First, explicit retrieval fragments reasoning, imposing a hidden "tool tax" of extra tokens and steps. Second,…

Retrieval-augmented generation systems often assume that one fixed retrieval pipeline is sufficient across heterogeneous tasks, yet factoid question answering, multi-hop reasoning, and scientific verification exhibit different retrieval…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Dutao Zhang , Tian Liao