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We consider experimentation in the presence of non-stationarity, inter-unit (spatial) interference, and carry-over effects (temporal interference), where we wish to estimate the global average treatment effect (GATE), the difference between…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2025-03-28 Su Jia , Nathan Kallus , Christina Lee Yu

Switchback experiments, where a firm sequentially exposes an experimental unit to random treatments, are among the most prevalent designs used in the technology sector, with applications ranging from ride-hailing platforms to online…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-09-18 Iavor Bojinov , David Simchi-Levi , Jinglong Zhao

Large-scale online platforms and marketplace systems often evaluate new policies through experiments that randomize treatment across operational units (e.g., geographies, regions, or clusters) over many time periods. In these settings,…

Randomized experiments, or A/B testing, are the gold standard for evaluating interventions, yet they remain underutilized in inventory management. This study addresses this gap by analyzing A/B testing strategies in multi-item, multi-period…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-02-03 Xinqi Chen , Xingyu Bai , Zeyu Zheng , Nian Si

We study the design and analysis of switchback experiments conducted on a single aggregate unit. The design problem is to partition the continuous time space into intervals and switch treatments between intervals, in order to minimize the…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-12 Ruoxuan Xiong , Alex Chin , Sean J. Taylor

We study randomized experiments in a service system when stochastic congestion can arise from temporarily limited supply or excess demand. Such congestion gives rise to cross-unit interference between the waiting customers, and analytic…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-17 Shuangning Li , Ramesh Johari , Xu Kuang , Stefan Wager

Digital firms routinely run many online experiments on shared user populations. When product decisions are compositional, such as combinations of interface elements, flows, messages, or incentives, the number of feasible interventions grows…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-04-13 Xin Wen , Xi Chen , Will Wei Sun , Yichen Zhang

Current approaches to A/B testing in networks focus on limiting interference, the concern that treatment effects can "spill over" from treatment nodes to control nodes and lead to biased causal effect estimation. Prominent methods for…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-04-16 Zahra Fatemi , Elena Zheleva

Online controlled experiments (A/B tests) have become the gold standard for learning the impact of new product features in technology companies. Randomization enables the inference of causality from an A/B test. The randomized assignment…

Applications · Statistics 2022-12-20 Qike Li , Samir Jamkhande , Pavel Kochetkov , Pai Liu

A/B testing is an important decision-making tool in product development for evaluating user engagement or satisfaction from a new service, feature or product. The goal of A/B testing is to estimate the average treatment effects (ATE) of a…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-08-21 Yifan Zhou , Yang Liu , Ping Li , Feifang Hu

Suppose an online platform wants to compare a treatment and control policy, e.g., two different matching algorithms in a ridesharing system, or two different inventory management algorithms in an online retail site. Standard randomized…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-12-27 Peter Glynn , Ramesh Johari , Mohammad Rasouli

Educational research often studies subjects that are in naturally clustered groups of classrooms or schools. When designing a randomized experiment to evaluate an intervention directed at teachers, but with effects on teachers and their…

Applications · Statistics 2009-08-17 Brenda Jenney , Sharon Lohr

A/B testing has become the gold standard for policy evaluation in modern technological industries. Motivated by the widespread use of switchback experiments in A/B testing, this paper conducts a comprehensive comparative analysis of various…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-08-29 Qianglin Wen , Chengchun Shi , Ying Yang , Niansheng Tang , Hongtu Zhu

Experimental design has emerged as a powerful approach for improving the sample efficiency of A/B testing, yet existing designs rely critically on correctly specified models. We study robust sequential experimental design under model…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-14 Qianglin Wen , Xiangkun Wu , Chengchun Shi , Ting Li , Niansheng Tang , Yingying Zhang , Hongtu Zhu

Cluster randomized trials with measurements at baseline can improve power over post-test only designs by using difference in difference designs. However, subjects may be lost to follow-up between the baseline and follow-up periods. While…

Methodology · Statistics 2019-03-26 Jonathan Moyer , Ken Kleinman

We consider a retailer running a switchback experiment for the price of a single product, with infinite supply. In each period, the seller chooses a price $p$ from a set of predefined prices that consist of a reference price and a few…

Computer Science and Game Theory · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Yifan Wu , Ramesh Johari , Vasilis Syrgkanis , Gabriel Y. Weintraub

Time-adaptive unit commitment (UC) has recently been investigated to reduce the scheduling costs by flexibly varying the temporal resolution, which is usually determined by clustering the net load patterns. However, there exists a…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-04 Junyi Tao , Ran Li , Salvador Pineda

A/B testing plays a central role in data-driven product development, guiding launch decisions for new features and designs. However, treatment effect estimates are often noisy due to short horizons, early stopping, and slowly accumulating…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-27 Xinran Li

Adaptive sample size re-estimation, early stopping, and trial re-design at interim analyses can reduce expected sample sizes in randomised trials. Cluster randomised trials, in which groups of participants are randomly allocated to…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-09 Samuel I. Watson , James Martin

In this paper, we examine the biases that arise when firms run A/B tests on continuous parameters to estimate global treatment effects on performance metrics of interest; we particularly focus on price experiments to measure the price…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-01-22 Ramesh Johari , Orrie B. Page , Gabriel Y. Weintraub
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