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A signed graph is a graph whose edges are labelled positive or negative. The sign of a circle (cycle, circuit) is the product of the signs of its edges. Most of the essential properties of a signed graph depend on the signs of its circles.…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-06-16 Thomas Zaslavsky

In this paper, we consider the bounds for the largest eigenvalue and the sum of the $k$ largest Laplacian eigenvalues of signed graphs. Firstly, we give an upper bound on the largest eigenvalue of the adjacency matrix of a signed graph and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-02 Linfeng Xie , Xiaogang Liu

A signed graph is a pair $(G,\Sigma)$, where $G=(V,E)$ is a graph (in which parallel edges are permitted, but loops are not) with $V=\{1,\ldots,n\}$ and $\Sigma\subseteq E$. The edges in $\Sigma$ are called odd and the other edges of $E$…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-02-24 Marina Arav , Frank J. Hall , Zhongshan Li , Hein van der Holst

Characterized are all simple undirected graphs $G$ such that any real symmetric matrix that has graph $G$ has no eigenvalues of multiplicity more than 2. All such graphs are partial 2-trees (and this follows from a result for rather general…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2007-05-23 Charles R. Johnson , Raphael Loewy , Paul Anthony Smith

The main eigenvalues of a graph $G$ are those eigenvalues of the $(0,1)$-adjacency matrix $\mathbf A$ having a corresponding eigenvector not orthogonal to $\mathbf j = (1,\dots,1)$. The CDC of a graph $G$ is the direct product $G\times…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-02-04 Luke Collins , Irene Sciriha

A signed graph $\Sigma=(G,\sigma)$ consists of an underlying graph $G=(V,E)$ with a sign function $\sigma:E\rightarrow\{-1,1\}$. Let $A(\Sigma)$ be the adjacency matrix of $\Sigma$ and $\lambda_1(\Sigma)$ denote the largest eigenvalue…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-07-08 Dan Li , Minghui Yan , Zhaolin Teng

Let $G$ be an undirected graph on $n$ vertices and let $S(G)$ be the set of all $n \times n$ real symmetric matrices whose nonzero off-diagonal entries occur in exactly the positions corresponding to the edges of $G$. The inverse eigenvalue…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2014-01-10 Polona Oblak , Helena Šmigoc

The problem of characterizing graphs with a prescribed number of main eigenvalues is a long-standing problem in spectral graph theory. Although some constructions are known, only a few produce infinite families of simple connected graphs…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2026-05-11 Sakshi Jain , Y. M. Borse , R. Barabde

The study of eigenvalue multiplicities plays a central role in the spectral theory of signed graphs, extending several classical results from the unsigned setting. While most existing work focuses on the nullity of a signed graph (the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-11 Monther R. Alfuraidan , Suliman Khan

Let \Gamma be a signed graph and let A(\Gamma) be the adjacency matrix of \Gamma. The nullity of \Gamma is the multiplicity of eigenvalue zero in the spectrum of A(\Gamma). In this paper we characterize the signed graphs of order n with…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-09-19 Yi-Zheng Fan , Wen-Xue Du , Chun-Long Dong

Chung, Graham, and Wilson proved that a graph is quasirandom if and only if there is a large gap between its first and second largest eigenvalue. Recently, the authors extended this characterization to k-uniform hypergraphs, but only for…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2014-09-25 John Lenz , Dhruv Mubayi

A signed graph is an ordered pair $\Sigma=(G,\sigma),$ where $G=(V,E)$ is the underlying graph of $\Sigma$ with a signature function $\sigma:E\rightarrow \{1,-1\}$. In this article, we define $n^{th}$ power of a signed graph and discuss…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-09-23 Shijin T , Germina K A , Shahul Hameed K

A certain signed adjacency matrix of the hypercube, which Hao Huang used last year to resolve the sensitivity conjecture, is closely related to the unique, 4-cycle free, 2-fold cover of the hypercube. We develop a framework in which this…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2020-12-17 Chris Godsil , Maxwell Levit , Olha Silina

We generalize three classical characterizations of line graphs to line graphs of signed and gain graphs: the Krausz's characterization, the van Rooij and Wilf's characterization and the Beineke's characterization. In particular, we present…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-11-23 Matteo Cavaleri , Daniele D'Angeli , Alfredo Donno

Let $\Gamma=(G, \sigma)$ be a signed graph of order $n$ with eigenvalues $\mu_1,\mu_2,\ldots,\mu_n.$ We define the Estrada index of a signed graph $\Gamma$ as $EE(\Gamma)=\sum_{i=1}^ne^{\mu_i}$. We characterize the signed unicyclic graphs…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-09-26 Tahir Shamsher , S. Pirzada , Mushtaq A. Bhat

We give a characterization of when a signed graph $G$ with a pair of distinguished edges $e_1, e_2 \in E(G)$ has the property that all cycles containing both $e_1$ and $e_2$ have the same sign. This answers a question of Zaslavsky.

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-06-12 Matt DeVos , Kathryn Nurse

For given k distinct complex conjugate pairs, l distinct real numbers, and a given graph G on 2k+l vertices with a matching of size at least k, we will show that there is a real matrix whose eigenvalues are the given numbers and its graph…

Spectral Theory · Mathematics 2018-03-16 Keivan Hassani Monfared

An edge uv in a graph \Gamma\ is directionally 2-signed (or, (2,d)-signed) by an ordered pair (a,b), a,b in {+,-}, if the label l(uv) = (a,b) from u to v, and l(vu) = (b,a) from v to u. Directionally 2-signed graphs are equivalent to…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2016-10-18 E. Sampathkumar , M. A. Sriraj , Thomas Zaslavsky

We initiate a systematic study of eigenvectors of random graphs. Whereas much is known about eigenvalues of graphs and how they reflect properties of the underlying graph, relatively little is known about the corresponding eigenvectors. Our…

Probability · Mathematics 2009-11-02 Yael Dekel , James R. Lee , Nathan Linial

Dom de Caen posed the question whether connected graphs with three distinct eigenvalues have at most three distinct valencies. We do not answer this question, but instead construct connected graphs with four and five distinct eigenvalues…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2015-05-08 Edwin R. van Dam , Jack H. Koolen , Zheng-jiang Xia