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Many recent methods for unsupervised or self-supervised representation learning train feature extractors by maximizing an estimate of the mutual information (MI) between different views of the data. This comes with several immediate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-01-24 Michael Tschannen , Josip Djolonga , Paul K. Rubenstein , Sylvain Gelly , Mario Lucic

Masked autoencoders (MAEs) represent a prominent self-supervised learning paradigm in computer vision. Despite their empirical success, the underlying mechanisms of MAEs remain insufficiently understood. Recent studies have attempted to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-02-28 Tao Huang , Yanxiang Ma , Shan You , Chang Xu

Ensuring data privacy and protection has become paramount in the era of deep learning. Unlearnable examples are proposed to mislead the deep learning models and prevent data from unauthorized exploration by adding small perturbations to…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-26 Ruohan Meng , Chenyu Yi , Yi Yu , Siyuan Yang , Bingquan Shen , Alex C. Kot

Over the past decades, researchers and ML practitioners have come up with better and better ways to build, understand and improve the quality of ML models, but mostly under the key assumption that the training data is distributed…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-14 Yeounoh Chung , Peter J. Haas , Eli Upfal , Tim Kraska

Unlearnable examples (UEs) seek to maximize testing error by making subtle modifications to training examples that are correctly labeled. Defenses against these poisoning attacks can be categorized based on whether specific interventions…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-05-07 Yi Yu , Yufei Wang , Song Xia , Wenhan Yang , Shijian Lu , Yap-Peng Tan , Alex C. Kot

Unsupervised contrastive learning has shown significant performance improvements in recent years, often approaching or even rivaling supervised learning in various tasks. However, its learning mechanism is fundamentally different from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-05 Yi-Ge Zhang , Jingyi Cui , Qiran Li , Yisen Wang

Adversarial examples are one of the most severe threats to deep learning models. Numerous works have been proposed to study and defend adversarial examples. However, these works lack analysis of adversarial information or perturbation,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-12-06 Guanlin Li , Naishan Zheng , Man Zhou , Jie Zhang , Tianwei Zhang

Unlearnable examples (UEs) aim to compromise model training by injecting imperceptible perturbations to clean samples. However, existing UE schemes exhibit limited robustness against advanced defenses due to their heuristic design or…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-05-05 Xianlong Wang , Hangtao Zhang , Wenbo Pan , Ziqi Zhou , Changsong Jiang , Li Zeng , Xiaohua Jia

Deep learning models are known to often learn features that spuriously correlate with the class label during training but are irrelevant to the prediction task. Existing methods typically address this issue by annotating potential spurious…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Weiwei Li , Junzhuo Liu , Yuanyuan Ren , Yuchen Zheng , Yahao Liu , Wen Li

Recent work has shown that imperceptible perturbations can be applied to craft unlearnable examples (ULEs), i.e. images whose content cannot be used to improve a classifier during training. In this paper, we reveal the road that researchers…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-11-29 Zhuoran Liu , Zhengyu Zhao , Alex Kolmus , Tijn Berns , Twan van Laarhoven , Tom Heskes , Martha Larson

Since the recent advent of regulations for data protection (e.g., the General Data Protection Regulation), there has been increasing demand in deleting information learned from sensitive data in pre-trained models without retraining from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Sungmin Cha , Sungjun Cho , Dasol Hwang , Honglak Lee , Taesup Moon , Moontae Lee

We are interested in learning data-driven representations that can generalize well, even when trained on inherently biased data. In particular, we face the case where some attributes (bias) of the data, if learned by the model, can severely…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-17 Ruggero Ragonesi , Riccardo Volpi , Jacopo Cavazza , Vittorio Murino

The unauthorized use of personal data in model training has emerged as a growing privacy threat. Unlearnable examples (UEs) address this issue by embedding imperceptible perturbations into benign examples to obstruct feature learning.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-08 Bo Wang , Jia Ni , Mengnan Zhao , Zhan Qin , Kui Ren

Deep learning systems have been reported to achieve state-of-the-art performances in many applications, and a key is the existence of well trained classifiers on benchmark datasets. As a main-stream loss function, the cross entropy can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-22 Jirong Yi , Qiaosheng Zhang , Zhen Chen , Qiao Liu , Wei Shao

While deep neural networks can achieve state-of-the-art performance in many tasks, these models are more fragile than they appear. They are prone to learning spurious correlations in their training data, leading to surprising failure cases.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-05 Jeff Mitchell , Jesús Martínez del Rincón , Niall McLaughlin

Convolution-based unlearnable examples (UEs) employ class-wise multiplicative convolutional noise to training samples, severely compromising model performance. This fire-new type of UEs have successfully countered all defense mechanisms…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Minghui Li , Xianlong Wang , Zhifei Yu , Shengshan Hu , Ziqi Zhou , Longling Zhang , Leo Yu Zhang

Unlearnable Examples (UEs) serve as a data protection strategy that generates imperceptible perturbations to mislead models into learning spurious correlations instead of underlying semantics. In this paper, we uncover a fundamental…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-06 Zhihao Li , Gezheng Xu , Jiale Cai , Ruiyi Fang , Di Wu , Qicheng Lao , Charles Ling , Boyu Wang

Measuring uncertainty is a promising technique for detecting adversarial examples, crafted inputs on which the model predicts an incorrect class with high confidence. But many measures of uncertainty exist, including predictive en- tropy…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-03-26 Lewis Smith , Yarin Gal

We propose learning discrete structured representations from unlabeled data by maximizing the mutual information between a structured latent variable and a target variable. Calculating mutual information is intractable in this setting. Our…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-17 Karl Stratos , Sam Wiseman

Unlearnable examples (UE) have emerged as a practical mechanism to prevent unauthorized model training on private vision data, while extending this protection to tabular data is nontrivial. Tabular data in finance and healthcare is highly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Jiaming He , Fuming Luo , Hongwei Li , Wenbo Jiang , Wenshu Fan , Zhenbo Shi , Xudong Jiang , Yi Yu