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In this work, we explore the limitations of combining models by averaging intermediate features, referred to as model merging, and propose a new direction for achieving collective model intelligence through what we call compatible…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-05 Jyothish Pari , Samy Jelassi , Pulkit Agrawal

Embedding fusion has emerged as an effective approach for enhancing performance across various NLP tasks. However, systematic guidelines for selecting optimal layers and developing effective fusion strategies for the integration of LLMs…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-09 Jiho Gwak , Yuchul Jung

With the rapid growth of large language models (LLMs), a wide range of methods have been developed to distribute computation and memory across hardware devices for efficient training and inference. While existing surveys provide descriptive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Hossam Amer , Rezaul Karim , Ali Pourranjbar , Weiwei Zhang , Walid Ahmed , Boxing Chen

Continual learning is conventionally tackled through sequential fine-tuning, a process that, while enabling adaptation, inherently favors plasticity over the stability needed to retain prior knowledge. While existing approaches attempt to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-06-05 Ghada Sokar , Gintare Karolina Dziugaite , Anurag Arnab , Ahmet Iscen , Pablo Samuel Castro , Cordelia Schmid

In this paper, we introduce a method for fine-tuning Large Language Models (LLMs), inspired by Multi-Task learning in a federated manner. Our approach leverages the structure of each client's model and enables a learning scheme that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Ahmed Elbakary , Chaouki Ben Issaid , Tamer ElBatt , Karim Seddik , Mehdi Bennis

Ensembling is a well-known technique in neural machine translation (NMT) to improve system performance. Instead of a single neural net, multiple neural nets with the same topology are trained separately, and the decoder generates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2017-07-24 Felix Stahlberg , Bill Byrne

Given the continuous increase in dataset sizes and the complexity of forecasting models, the trade-off between forecast accuracy and computational cost is emerging as an extremely relevant topic, especially in the context of ensemble…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Marco Zanotti

Sparse Mixture of Experts (MoE) models offer a scalable and efficient architecture for training large neural networks by activating only a subset of parameters ("experts") for each input. A learned router computes a distribution over these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Nabil Omi , Siddhartha Sen , Ali Farhadi

By increasing model parameters but activating them sparsely when performing a task, the use of Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) architecture significantly improves the performance of Large Language Models (LLMs) without increasing the inference…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Zeliang Zhang , Xiaodong Liu , Hao Cheng , Chenliang Xu , Jianfeng Gao

Mixture-of-Experts (MoE) models enable efficient scaling of large language models (LLMs) by activating only a subset of experts per input. However, we observe that the commonly used auxiliary load balancing loss often leads to expert…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Hongcan Guo , Haolang Lu , Guoshun Nan , Bolun Chu , Jialin Zhuang , Yuan Yang , Wenhao Che , Xinye Cao , Sicong Leng , Qimei Cui , Xudong Jiang

Federated Learning (FL) is a recent model training paradigm in which client devices collaboratively train a model without ever aggregating their data. Crucially, this scheme offers users potential privacy and security benefits by only ever…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-11 Raja Vavekanand , Kira Sam

Federated learning encapsulates distributed learning strategies that are managed by a central unit. Since it relies on using a selected number of agents at each iteration, and since each agent, in turn, taps into its local data, it is only…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-12-15 Elsa Rizk , Stefan Vlaski , Ali H. Sayed

Model merging aims to build a multi-task learner by combining the parameters of individually fine-tuned models without additional training. While a straightforward approach is to average model parameters across tasks, this often results in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-04 Jiho Choi , Donggyun Kim , Chanhyuk Lee , Seunghoon Hong

Mixture-of-Expert (MoE) based large language models (LLMs), such as the recent Mixtral and DeepSeek-MoE, have shown great promise in scaling model size without suffering from the quadratic growth of training cost of dense transformers. Like…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-04 Longfei Yun , Yonghao Zhuang , Yao Fu , Eric P Xing , Hao Zhang

Large Language Models (LLMs) deliver powerful AI capabilities but face deployment challenges due to high resource costs and latency, whereas Small Language Models (SLMs) offer efficiency and deployability at the cost of reduced performance.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Yi Chen , JiaHao Zhao , HaoHao Han

Scaling the size of a model enhances its capabilities but significantly increases computation complexity. Mixture-of-Experts models (MoE) address the issue by allowing model size to scale up without substantially increasing training or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-30 Zhenpeng Su , Zijia Lin , Xue Bai , Xing Wu , Yizhe Xiong , Haoran Lian , Guangyuan Ma , Hui Chen , Guiguang Ding , Wei Zhou , Songlin Hu

While federated learning (FL) enables fine-tuning of large language models (LLMs) without compromising data privacy, the substantial size of an LLM renders on-device training impractical for resource-constrained clients, such as mobile…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-05 Zihan Fang , Zheng Lin , Senkang Hu , Yanan Ma , Yihang Tao , Yiqin Deng , Xianhao Chen , Yuguang Fang

Recent advances in large language models (LLMs) have been largely driven by scaling laws for individual models, which predict performance improvements as model parameters and data volume increase. However, the capabilities of any single LLM…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-29 Dakuan Lu , Jiaqi Zhang , Cheng Yuan , Jiawei Shao , Xuelong Li

Instruction tuning significantly enhances the performance of large language models (LLMs) across various tasks. However, the procedure to optimizing the mixing of instruction datasets for LLM fine-tuning is still poorly understood. This…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-20 Renxi Wang , Haonan Li , Minghao Wu , Yuxia Wang , Xudong Han , Chiyu Zhang , Timothy Baldwin

Information retrieval methods often rely on a single embedding model trained on large, general-domain datasets like MSMARCO. While this approach can produce a retriever with reasonable overall performance, they often underperform models…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-27 Hyunji Lee , Luca Soldaini , Arman Cohan , Minjoon Seo , Kyle Lo