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Process capability indices such as $C_{pk}$ are widely used in manufacturing quality control to support supplier qualification and product release decisions based on fixed acceptance thresholds (e.g., $C_{pk} \geq 1.33$). In practice, these…

Applications · Statistics 2026-03-13 Fei Jiang , Lei Yang

The field of psychological sciences has been grappling with the replicability crisis. Various issues have been identified as potential sources of this problem. We bring to light a potential source that has largely been overlooked and…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-04-28 Yoav Zeevi , Sofi Astashenko , Liad Mudrik , Yoav Benjamini

In observational causal inference, domain knowledge often leaves multiple covariate adjustments plausible, yet which sets satisfy ignorability is untestable. Different adjustment sets can yield conflicting estimates of the average treatment…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-23 Aditya Ghosh , Dominik Rothenhäusler

We introduce the concept of the self-referencing causal cycle (abbreviated RECALL) - a mechanism that enables large language models (LLMs) to bypass the limitations of unidirectional causality, which underlies a phenomenon known as the…

Instruction-tuned large language models produce helpful, structured responses, but how robust is this helpfulness under trivial constraints? We show that simple lexical constraints (banning a single punctuation character or common word)…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Erfan Baghaei Potraghloo , Seyedarmin Azizi , Souvik Kundu , Massoud Pedram

While the Large Language Models (LLMs) dominate a majority of language understanding tasks, previous work shows that some of these results are supported by modelling spurious correlations of training datasets. Authors commonly assess model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-02-07 Lukáš Mikula , Michal Štefánik , Marek Petrovič , Petr Sojka

Despite strong medical benchmark accuracy, LLMs can exhibit severe multi-turn sycophancy in clinical dialogue, abandoning initial correct diagnosis under escalating pressure. We propose \textbf{\textsc{Med-Stress}}, a targeted stress test…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Boyu Xiao , Xiuqi Tian , Xuwen Song , Haochun Wang , Guanchun Song , Sendong Zhao , Bing Qin

Empirical claims about autonomous Kubernetes operations agents are largely unfalsifiable. Published work reports observational results without controlled comparisons against an agent-disabled baseline, selection bias is endemic,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Joshua Odmark , Gideon Rubin , Deon van der Vyver

We describe a realizability framework for classical first-order logic in which realizers live in (a model of) typed {\lambda}{\mu}-calculus. This allows a direct interpretation of classical proofs, avoiding the usual negative translation to…

Logic in Computer Science · Computer Science 2017-01-11 Valentin Blot

Many crucial problems in deep learning and statistical inference are caused by a variational gap, i.e., a difference between model evidence (log-likelihood) and evidence lower bound (ELBO). In particular, in a classical VAE setting that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-06 Łukasz Struski , Marcin Mazur , Paweł Batorski , Przemysław Spurek , Jacek Tabor

This paper investigates the conceptual relationship between openness and reproducibility using a model-centric approach, heavily informed by probability theory and statistics. We first clarify the concepts of reliability, auditability,…

Other Statistics · Statistics 2019-10-30 Bert Baumgaertner , Berna Devezer , Erkan O. Buzbas , Luis G. Nardin

Large language models (LLMs) frequently hallucinate, limiting their reliability in knowledge-intensive applications. Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) and conformal factuality have emerged as potential ways to address this limitation.…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-18 Yi Chen , Daiwei Chen , Sukrut Madhav Chikodikar , Caitlyn Heqi Yin , Ramya Korlakai Vinayak

Computational reproducibility is fundamental to trustworthy science, yet remains difficult to achieve in practice across various research workflows, including Jupyter notebooks published alongside scholarly articles. Environment drift,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-02 Sheeba Samuel , Daniel Mietchen , Hemanta Lo , Martin Gaedke

Predictive inference requires balancing statistical accuracy against informational complexity, yet the choice of complexity measure is usually imposed rather than derived. We treat econometric objects as predictive rules, mappings from…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2026-02-16 Nicholas G. Polson , Daniel Zantedeschi

In this paper, we study the sample complexity lower bounds for the exact recovery of parameters and for a positive excess risk of a feed-forward, fully-connected neural network for binary classification, using information-theoretic tools.…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2020-10-30 Xiaochen Yang , Jean Honorio

We consider a replicable stochastic multi-armed bandit algorithm that ensures, with high probability, that the algorithm's sequence of actions is not affected by the randomness inherent in the dataset. Replicability allows third parties to…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2025-01-14 Junpei Komiyama , Shinji Ito , Yuichi Yoshida , Souta Koshino

Evidence synthesis has advanced through improved reporting standards, bias assessment tools, and analytic methods, but current workflows remain limited by a single-layer structure in which conceptual, methodological, and procedural…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-12-11 Hung Kuan Lee

We present a systematic empirical study of prompt engineering for formal mathematical reasoning in the context of the SAIR Equational Theories Stage 1 competition. The task requires deciding whether one equational law implies another over…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-22 Manuel Israel Cazares

LLMs enable qualitative coding at large scale, but assessing reliability remains challenging where human experts seldom agree. We investigate confidence-diversity calibration as a quality assessment framework for accessible coding tasks…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-19 Zhilong Zhao , Yindi Liu