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Recent progress in large language models enables the creation of realistic machine-generated content. Watermarking is a promising approach to distinguish machine-generated text from human text, embedding statistical signals in the output…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Patrick Chao , Yan Sun , Edgar Dobriban , Hamed Hassani

Text watermarking provides an effective solution for identifying synthetic text generated by large language models. However, existing techniques often focus on satisfying specific criteria while ignoring other key aspects, lacking a unified…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Shuhao Zhang , Bo Cheng , Jiale Han , Yuli Chen , Zhixuan Wu , Changbao Li , Pingli Gu

Watermarking technology is a method used to trace the usage of content generated by large language models. Sentence-level watermarking aids in preserving the semantic integrity within individual sentences while maintaining greater…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-25 Junyan Zhang , Shuliang Liu , Aiwei Liu , Yubo Gao , Jungang Li , Xiaojie Gu , Xuming Hu

Recent advancements in watermarking techniques have enabled the embedding of secret messages into AI-generated text (AIGT), serving as an important mechanism for AIGT detection. Existing methods typically interfere with the generation…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Peiru Yang , Xintian Li , Wanchun Ni , Jinhua Yin , Huili Wang , Guoshun Nan , Shangguang Wang , Yongfeng Huang , Tao Qi

A recent watermarking scheme for language models achieves distortion-free embedding and robustness to edit-distance attacks. However, it suffers from limited generation diversity and high detection overhead. In parallel, recent research has…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-12-12 Yangkun Wang , Jingbo Shang

The proliferation of AI-generated content brings significant concerns on the forensic and security issues such as source tracing, copyright protection, etc, highlighting the need for effective watermarking technologies. Font-based text…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-07 Kahim Wong , Jicheng Zhou , Kemou Li , Yain-Whar Si , Xiaowei Wu , Jiantao Zhou

Large language models (LLMs) have advanced to a point that even humans have difficulty discerning whether a text was generated by another human, or by a computer. However, knowing whether a text was produced by human or artificial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Kathleen C. Fraser , Hillary Dawkins , Svetlana Kiritchenko

Digital watermarking is a promising solution for mitigating some of the risks arising from the misuse of automatically generated text. These approaches either embed non-specific watermarks to allow for the detection of any text generated by…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-06-23 Zihao Fu , Chris Russell

As large language models become increasingly capable and widely deployed, verifying the provenance of machine-generated content is critical to ensuring trust, safety, and accountability. Watermarking techniques have emerged as a promising…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-09-30 Yihan Wu , Ruibo Chen , Georgios Milis , Heng Huang

Several companies have deployed watermark-based detection to identify AI-generated content. However, attribution--the ability to trace back to the user of a generative AI (GenAI) service who created a given AI-generated content--remains…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Zhengyuan Jiang , Moyang Guo , Yuepeng Hu , Yupu Wang , Neil Zhenqiang Gong

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) raised concerns over potential misuse, such as for spreading misinformation. In response two counter measures emerged: machine learning-based detectors that predict if text is synthetic,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-04-17 David Khachaturov , Robert Mullins , Ilia Shumailov , Sumanth Dathathri

The increasing use of Large Language Models (LLMs) for generating highly coherent and contextually relevant text introduces new risks, including misuse for unethical purposes such as disinformation or academic dishonesty. To address these…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Zhenyu Xu , Kun Zhang , Victor S. Sheng

Generative AI models pose a significant challenge to intellectual property (IP), as they can replicate unique artistic styles and concepts without attribution. While watermarking offers a potential solution, existing methods often fail in…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-04-28 Li Zhang , Shruti Agarwal , John Collomosse , Pengtao Xie , Vishal Asnani

LLM watermarking has attracted attention as a promising way to detect AI-generated content, with some works suggesting that current schemes may already be fit for deployment. In this work we dispute this claim, identifying watermark…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Nikola Jovanović , Robin Staab , Martin Vechev

Artificial Intelligence (AI) has made it possible for anyone to create images, audio, and video with unprecedented ease, enriching education, communication, and creative expression. At the same time, the rapid rise of AI-generated media has…

Multimedia · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Shail Desai , Aditya Pawar , Li Lin , Xin Wang , Shu Hu

Text watermarking has emerged as a pivotal technique for identifying machine-generated text. However, existing methods often rely on arbitrary vocabulary partitioning during decoding to embed watermarks, which compromises the availability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Liang Chen , Yatao Bian , Yang Deng , Deng Cai , Shuaiyi Li , Peilin Zhao , Kam-fai Wong

Watermarking has emerged as a promising technique for detecting texts generated by LLMs. Current research has primarily focused on three design criteria: high quality of the watermarked text, high detectability, and robustness against…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-04-11 Li An , Yujian Liu , Yepeng Liu , Yang Zhang , Yuheng Bu , Shiyu Chang

The widespread adoption of large language models (LLMs) has created an urgent need for robust tools to detect LLM-generated text, especially in light of \textit{paraphrasing} techniques that often evade existing detection methods. To…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-11-21 Weiqing He , Bojian Hou , Tianqi Shang , Davoud Ataee Tarzanagh , Qi Long , Li Shen

The integrity of peer review is fundamental to scientific progress, but the rise of large language models (LLMs) has introduced concerns that some reviewers may rely on these tools to generate reviews rather than writing them independently.…

Digital Libraries · Computer Science 2026-03-13 Vishisht Rao , Aounon Kumar , Himabindu Lakkaraju , Nihar B. Shah

We present a novel evaluation paradigm for AI text detectors that prioritizes real-world and equitable assessment. Current approaches predominantly report conventional metrics like AUROC, overlooking that even modest false positive rates…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Navid Ayoobi , Sadat Shahriar , Arjun Mukherjee