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Artificial intelligence and machine learning are reshaping how we approach scientific discovery, not by replacing established methods but by extending what researchers can probe, predict, and design. In this roadmap we provide a…

AI progress is creating a growing range of risks and opportunities, but it is often unclear how they should be navigated. In many cases, the barriers and uncertainties faced are at least partly technical. Technical AI governance, referring…

Artificial Intelligence (AI) governance is the practice of establishing frameworks, policies, and procedures to ensure the responsible, ethical, and safe development and deployment of AI systems. Although AI governance is a core pillar of…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-05-30 Danilo Ribeiro , Thayssa Rocha , Gustavo Pinto , Bruno Cartaxo , Marcelo Amaral , Nicole Davila , Ana Camargo

Because of the speed of its development, broad scope of application, and its ability to augment human performance, generative AI challenges the very notions of governance, trust, and human agency. The technology's capacity to mimic human…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Anka Reuel , Trond Arne Undheim

A/B experiments are commonly used in research to compare the effects of changing one or more variables in two different experimental groups - a control group and a treatment group. While the benefits of using A/B experiments are widely…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Andrew Hornback , Sungeun An , Scott Bunin , Stephen Buckley , John Kos , Ashok Goel

Documentation plays a crucial role in both external accountability and internal governance of AI systems. Although there are many proposals for documenting AI data, models, systems, and methods, the ways these practices enhance governance…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Amy A. Winecoff , Miranda Bogen

With the rapid pace of technological innovation, traditional methods of policy formation and legislating are becoming conspicuously anachronistic. The need for regulatory choices to be made to counter the deadening effect of regulatory lag…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-01-13 Deirdre Ahern

As AI models scale to billions of parameters and operate with increasing autonomy, ensuring their safe, reliable operation demands engineering-grade security and assurance frameworks. This paper presents an enterprise-level, risk-aware,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Krti Tallam

AI policymakers are responsible for delivering effective governance mechanisms that can provide safe, aligned and trustworthy AI development. However, the information environment offered to policymakers is characterised by an unnecessarily…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-10-14 Israel Mason-Williams , Gabryel Mason-Williams

Benchmarks are important measures to evaluate safety and compliance of AI models at scale. However, they typically do not offer verifiable results and lack confidentiality for model IP and benchmark datasets. We propose Attestable Audits,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-01 Christoph Schnabl , Daniel Hugenroth , Bill Marino , Alastair R. Beresford

As artificial intelligence transforms public sector operations, governments struggle to integrate technological innovations into coherent systems for effective service delivery. This paper introduces the Algorithmic State Architecture…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Zeynep Engin , Jon Crowcroft , David Hand , Philip Treleaven

With the goal of uncovering the challenges faced by European AI students during their research endeavors, we surveyed 28 AI doctoral candidates from 13 European countries. The outcomes underscore challenges in three key areas: (1) the…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-08-14 Andrea Hrckova , Jennifer Renoux , Rafael Tolosana Calasanz , Daniela Chuda , Martin Tamajka , Jakub Simko

Artificial intelligence systems are increasingly deployed in domains that shape human behaviour, institutional decision-making, and societal outcomes. Existing responsible AI and governance efforts provide important normative principles but…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Otman A. Basir

Artificial Intelligence (AI) holds promise as a technology that can be used to improve government and economic policy-making. This paper proposes a new research agenda towards this end by introducing Social Environment Design, a general…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-18 Edwin Zhang , Sadie Zhao , Tonghan Wang , Safwan Hossain , Henry Gasztowtt , Stephan Zheng , David C. Parkes , Milind Tambe , Yiling Chen

Frontier AI systems require governance mechanisms that can verify internal alignment, not just behavioral compliance. Private governance mechanisms audits, certification, insurance, and procurement are emerging to complement public…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Aadit Sengupta , Pratinav Seth , Vinay Kumar Sankarapu

It is well recognised that ensuring fair AI systems is a complex sociotechnical challenge, which requires careful deliberation and continuous oversight across all stages of a system's lifecycle, from defining requirements to model…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2025-05-14 Alpay Sabuncuoglu , Christopher Burr , Carsten Maple

This study investigates the acceptability of different artificial intelligence (AI) applications in education from a multi-stakeholder perspective, including students, teachers, and parents. Acknowledging the transformative potential of AI…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-02-29 A. J. Karran , P. Charland , J-T. Martineau , A. Ortiz de Guinea Lopez de Arana , AM. Lesage , S. Senecal , P-M. Leger

Accountability is widely understood as a goal for well governed computer systems, and is a sought-after value in many governance contexts. But how can it be achieved? Recent work on standards for governable artificial intelligence systems…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2021-08-23 Joshua A. Kroll

There is an increasing imperative to anticipate and understand the performance and safety of generative AI systems in real-world deployment contexts. However, the current evaluation ecosystem is insufficient: Commonly used static benchmarks…

The growing AI field faces trust, transparency, fairness, and discrimination challenges. Despite the need for new regulations, there is a mismatch between regulatory science and AI, preventing a consistent framework. A five-layer nested…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-08-27 Akshat Dubey , Zewen Yang , Georges Hattab