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Vertex-degree-based topological indices have recently gained a lot of attention from mathematical chemists. One such index that we focus on in this paper is called Sombor index. After its definition in late 2020, the Sombor index was…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-12-09 Mirza Redžić

For a simple connected graph $G=(V,E)$, let $d(u)$ be the degree of the vertex $u$ of $G$. The general Sombor index of $G$ is defined as $$SO_{\alpha}(G)=\sum_{uv\in E} \left[d(u)^2+d(v)^2\right]^\alpha$$ where $SO(G)=SO_{0.5}(G)$ is the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-11-08 Peichao Wei , Muhuo Liu

In this paper, the investigates Adriatic indices, specifically the sum lordeg index where it defined as $SL(G) = \sum_{u \in V(G)} \deg_G(u) \sqrt{\ln \deg_G(u)}$ and the variable sum exdeg index $SEI_a(G)$ for $a>0$, $a\neq 1$. We present…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-08-07 Jasem Hamoud , Duaa Abdullah

The Sombor index of a graph $G$, introduced by Ivan Gutman, is defined as the sum of the weights $\sqrt{d_G(u)^2+d_G(v)^2}$ of all edges $uv$ of $G$, where $d_G(u)$ denotes the degree of vertex $u$ in $G$. The Sombor coindex is recently…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-04-07 Zenan Du , Lihua You , Hechao Liu , Yufei Huang

A vertex-degree-based topological index named as Sombor index of a simple graph G with n vertices was recently introduced by I. Gutman. In this paper, we find Sombor index of m-splitting graph and m-shadow graph. Also, we determine relation…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-05-20 Randhir Singh , S. C. Patekar

The Hyperbolic Sombor index $HSO(G)$ of a graph $G$ is defined as \begin{align*} HSO(G) = \sum_{v_iv_j \in E(G)} \frac{\sqrt{d_i^{2}+d_j^{2}}}{\min\{d_i,d_j\}}, \end{align*} where $d_i$ and $d_j$ denote the degrees of the vertices $v_i$ and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-10-28 Kinkar Chandra Das , Sultan Ahmad

Topological indices are scientific details of graphs which represents its topology and of the most part graph invariant. In QSAR/QSPR, physico-chemical characteristics and topological indices, for example, atom bond connectivity (ABC) and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2019-10-24 Haidar Ali , Farzana Kousar

Recently, a novel topological index, Sombor index, was introduced by Gutman, defined as $SO(G)=\sum\limits_{uv\in E(G)}\sqrt{d_{u}^{2}+d_{v}^{2}}$, where $d_{u}$ denotes the degree of vertex $u$. In this paper, we first determine the…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-01-11 Hechao Liu

In this paper, we presented a study of topological indices on trees, where we show a relationship with irregularity of Albertson index and minimum, maximum degrees $\delta,\Delta$ of graph $G$, where contribute vital roles in determining…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-11-26 Jasem Hamoud , Artem Kornosov

Let $G=(V,E)$ be a finite simple graph. The Sombor index $SO(G)$ of $G$ is defined as $\sum_{uv\in E(G)}\sqrt{d_u^2+d_v^2}$, where $d_u$ is the degree of vertex $u$ in $G$. Let $G$ be a connected graph constructed from pairwise disjoint…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-03-26 Saeid Alikhani , Nima Ghanbari

In this paper, we have studied bounds based on topological indicators, from which we selected Albertson index $\mathrm{irr}$ and the Sigma index $\sigma$. The Sigma index was defined through the following relationship: \[…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-06-16 Jasem Hamoud , Alexei Belov-Kanel , Duaa Abdullah

In this paper, topological indices play a significant role in the analysis of caterpillar trees, especially due to their applications in chemical graph theory. We presented a study on topological indices related to the Sigma index, which we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-12-16 Jasem Hamoud , Duaa Abdullah

Recently, the Euler Sombor index $(EUS)$ was introduced as a novel degree-based topological index. For a graph $G$, the Euler Sombor index is defined as $$EUS(G) = \sum_{v_i v_j \in E(G)} \sqrt{d_i^2 + d_j^2 + d_i d_j},$$ where $d_i$ and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2025-07-24 Kinkar Chandra Das , Jayanta Bera

The Sombor indices, a new category of degree-based topological molecular descriptors, have been widely investigated due to their excellent chemical applicability. This paper aims to establish Sombor indices distributions in random polygonal…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2022-10-25 Jia-Bao Liu , Ya-Qian Zheng , Xin-Bei Peng

The Sombor index of a graph $G$ was recently introduced by Gutman from the geometric point of view, defined as $SO(G)=\sum_{uv\in E(G)}\sqrt{d(u)^2+d(v)^2}$, where $d(u)$ is the degree of a vertex $u$. For two real numbers $\alpha$ and…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-10-05 Jiachang Ye , Jianguo Qian

In this paper, we examine a specific type of random chains and propose an unified approach to studying the degree-based topological indices, including their extreme values. We derive explicit analytical expressions for the expected values…

Probability · Mathematics 2024-11-08 Sayle Sigarreta , Hugo Cruz-Suarez , Sergio Torralbas Fitz

The Sombor index $SO(G)$ of a graph $G$ is the sum of the edge weights $\sqrt{d^2_G(u)+d^2_G(v)}$ of all edges $uv$ of $G$, where $d_G(u)$ denotes the degree of the vertex $u$ in $G$. A connected graph $G = (V ,E)$ is called a quasi-tree,…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2023-07-04 Ruiting Zhang , Huiqing Liu , Yibo Li

In this paper, we presents novel and sharp bounds on the Albertson index of trees, revealing deep connections between degree sequences and graph irregularity where the Albertson index of Caterpillar tree satisfy \[…

General Mathematics · Mathematics 2025-12-16 Jasem Hamoud , Duaa Abdullah

We consider random graphs sampled uniformly from a structured class of graphs, such as the class of graphs embeddable in a given surface. We sharpen and extend earlier results on pendant appearances, concerning for example numbers of…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2024-05-07 Colin McDiarmid

Let $G=(V,E)$ be a finite simple graph. The Sombor index $SO(G)$ of $G$ is defined as $\sum_{uv\in E(G)}\sqrt{d_u^2+d_v^2}$, where $d_u$ is the degree of vertex $u$ in $G$. In this paper, we study this index for certain graphs and we…

Combinatorics · Mathematics 2021-02-23 Nima Ghanbari , Saeid Alikhani