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The emergence of LLMs has catalyzed a paradigm shift in autonomous agent development, enabling systems capable of reasoning, planning, and executing complex multi-step tasks. However, existing agent frameworks often suffer from…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Akbar Anbar Jafari , Cagri Ozcinar , Gholamreza Anbarjafari

Recent large language models (LLMs) have shown strong reasoning capabilities. However, a critical question remains: do these models possess genuine strategic reasoning, or do they primarily excel at pattern recognition? To address this, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-24 Jincheng Liu , Sijun He , Jingjing Wu , Xiangsen Wang , Yang Chen , Zhaoqi Kuang , Siqi Bao , Yuan Yao

Safe deployment of Large Language Model (LLM) agents in autonomous settings requires reliable oversight mechanisms. A central challenge is detecting scheming, where agents covertly pursue misaligned goals. One approach to mitigating such…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Simon Storf , Rich Barton-Cooper , James Peters-Gill , Marius Hobbhahn

Large Language Models (LLMs) and Reinforcement Learning (RL) are two powerful approaches for building autonomous agents. However, due to limited understanding of the game environment, agents often resort to inefficient exploration and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-26 Ziyu Chen , Zhiqing Xiao , Xinbei Jiang , Junbo Zhao

The transition of Large Language Models (LLMs) from passive code generators to autonomous agents introduces significant safety risks, specifically regarding destructive commands and inconsistent system states. Existing commercial solutions…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-16 Boyang Yan

Instruction-based Large Language Models (LLMs) have proven effective in numerous few-shot or zero-shot Natural Language Processing (NLP) tasks. However, creating human-annotated instruction data is time-consuming, expensive, and often…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Aniruddha Roy , Pretam Ray , Abhilash Nandy , Somak Aditya , Pawan Goyal

We introduce Autoverse, an evolvable, domain-specific language for single-player 2D grid-based games, and demonstrate its use as a scalable training ground for Open-Ended Learning (OEL) algorithms. Autoverse uses cellular-automaton-like…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-08-07 Sam Earle , Julian Togelius

Large language models (LLMs) are increasingly deployed as economic agents in marketplaces, auctions, and bidding settings. Anticipating their behavior in any specific deployment is hard. Existing strategic-reasoning benchmarks evaluate…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-25 Vartan Shadarevian , Kia Ghods , Alex Kenich , Anany Kotawala

Existing Hardware Trojans (HT) detection methods face several critical limitations: logic testing struggles with scalability and coverage for large designs, side-channel analysis requires golden reference chips, and formal verification…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-12-11 Md Omar Faruque , Peter Jamieson , Ahmad Patooghy , Abdel-Hameed A. Badawy

Recent advancements in Large Language Models (LLMs) have spurred interest in deploying LLM agents to undertake tasks in the world. LLMs are often deployed in agent systems: code that orchestrates LLM calls and provides them with tools. We…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Maxime Robeyns , Martin Szummer , Laurence Aitchison

Recently, text world games have been proposed to enable artificial agents to understand and reason about real-world scenarios. These text-based games are challenging for artificial agents, as it requires an understanding of and interaction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2021-12-24 Ishika Singh , Gargi Singh , Ashutosh Modi

Existing LLM agent systems typically select actions from a fixed and predefined set at every step. While this approach is effective in closed, narrowly scoped environments, it presents two major challenges for real-world, open-ended…

Large Language Models (LLMs) exhibit robust problem-solving capabilities for diverse tasks. However, most LLM-based agents are designed as specific task solvers with sophisticated prompt engineering, rather than agents capable of learning…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2024-06-10 Wenqi Zhang , Ke Tang , Hai Wu , Mengna Wang , Yongliang Shen , Guiyang Hou , Zeqi Tan , Peng Li , Yueting Zhuang , Weiming Lu

Game design hinges on understanding how static rules and content translate into dynamic player behavior - something modern generative systems that inspect only a game's code or assets struggle to capture. We present an automated design…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-18 Alex Zook , Josef Spjut , Jonathan Tremblay

The proliferation of Large Language Models (LLMs) in recent years has realized many applications in various domains. Being trained with a huge of amount of data coming from various sources, LLMs can be deployed to solve different tasks,…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-03-17 Duc S. H. Nguyen , Bach G. Truong , Phuong T. Nguyen , Juri Di Rocco , Davide Di Ruscio

While integrating tools like Code Interpreter and Search has significantly enhanced Large Language Model (LLM) reasoning in models like ChatGPT Agent and Gemini-Pro, practical guidance on optimal tool use is lacking. The core challenge is…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-03 Yongchao Chen , Jiefeng Chen , Rui Meng , Ji Yin , Na Li , Chuchu Fan , Chi Wang , Tomas Pfister , Jinsung Yoon

Automated evaluation of tool-using large language model (LLM) agents is widely assumed to be reliable, but this assumption has rarely been validated against human annotation. We introduce AgentProp-Bench, a 2,000-task benchmark with 2,300…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-21 Bhaskar Gurram

The advent of Large Language Models (LLMs) has revolutionized code completion, transforming it into a more intelligent and context-aware feature in modern integrated development environments. These advancements have significantly enhanced…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Hang Zhang , Yanxin Shen , Lun Wang , Chuanqi Shi , Shaoshuai Du , Yiyi Tao , Yixian Shen

Recent research has shown that carefully crafted jailbreak inputs can induce large language models to produce harmful outputs, despite safety measures such as alignment. It is important to anticipate the range of potential Jailbreak attacks…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-24 Pedram Zaree , Md Abdullah Al Mamun , Quazi Mishkatul Alam , Yue Dong , Ihsen Alouani , Nael Abu-Ghazaleh

Large Language Models (LLMs) have changed the possibilities of Interactive Storytelling systems that process free-text user input. However, as more of these systems are built, evidence continues to mount regarding the story coherence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Santiago Góngora , Luis Chiruzzo , Gonzalo Méndez , Pablo Gervás
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