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At present, backdoor attacks attract attention as they do great harm to deep learning models. The adversary poisons the training data making the model being injected with a backdoor after being trained unconsciously by victims using the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2023-03-06 Shengfang Zhai , Qingni Shen , Xiaoyi Chen , Weilong Wang , Cong Li , Yuejian Fang , Zhonghai Wu

Contrastive Learning (CL) performances as a rising approach to address the challenge of sparse and noisy recommendation data. Although having achieved promising results, most existing CL methods only perform either hand-crafted data or…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2023-11-22 Xiuyuan Qin , Huanhuan Yuan , Pengpeng Zhao , Junhua Fang , Fuzhen Zhuang , Guanfeng Liu , Victor Sheng

Due to language models' propensity to generate toxic or hateful responses, several techniques were developed to align model generations with users' preferences. Despite the effectiveness of such methods in improving the safety of model…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-09-06 Daniel Scalena , Gabriele Sarti , Malvina Nissim , Elisabetta Fersini

The need for interpretability in deep learning has driven interest in counterfactual explanations, which identify minimal changes to an instance that change a model's prediction. Current counterfactual (CF) generation methods require…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-12-11 Van Bach Nguyen , Christin Seifert , Jörg Schlötterer

While large language models (LLMs) have demonstrated strong performance on factoid question answering, they are still prone to hallucination and untruthful responses, particularly when tasks demand information outside their parametric…

Large Language Models (LLMs) generating unsafe responses to toxic prompts is a significant issue in their applications. While various efforts aim to address this safety concern, previous approaches often demand substantial human data…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-12-12 Yuxiao Lu , Arunesh Sinha , Pradeep Varakantham

Large language models (LLMs) excel in natural language processing but adapting these LLMs to speech processing tasks efficiently is not straightforward. Direct task-specific fine-tuning is limited by overfitting risks, data requirements,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-02 Maike Züfle , Jan Niehues

Personalized alignment is crucial for enabling Large Language Models (LLMs) to engage effectively in user-centric interactions. However, current methods face a dual challenge: they fail to infer users' deep implicit preferences (including…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-29 Peiming Li , Zhiyuan Hu , Yang Tang , Shiyu Li , Xi Chen

Despite exciting progress in causal language models, the expressiveness of the representations is largely limited due to poor discrimination ability. To remedy this issue, we present ContraCLM, a novel contrastive learning framework at both…

While the wide adoption of refusal training in large language models (LLMs) has showcased improvements in model safety, recent works have highlighted shortcomings due to the shallow nature of these alignment methods. To this end, the work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Pankayaraj Pathmanathan , Furong Huang

Despite their strong performance on reasoning benchmarks, large language models (LLMs) have proven brittle when presented with counterfactual questions, suggesting weaknesses in their causal reasoning ability. While recent work has…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-20 Victoria Lin , Xinnuo Xu , Rachel Lawrence , Risa Ueno , Amit Sharma , Javier Gonzalez , Niranjani Prasad

In the field of multimodal fact checking, the accuracy of retrieving evidence from different modalities has a significant impact on the downstream claim verification process. Existing general multimodal retrieval methods are often…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2026-05-28 Zhongtian Hua , Yi Luo , Meijia Yu , Yingjie Han

Large Language Model (LLM) unlearning aims to erase or suppress undesirable knowledge within the model, offering promise for controlling harmful or private information to prevent misuse. However, recent studies highlight its limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-10 Xiaotian Ye , Mengqi Zhang , Shu Wu

Diffusion Language Models (DLMs) provide a promising alternative to autoregressive language models by generating text through iterative denoising and bidirectional refinement. However, this iterative generation paradigm also introduces…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Yejin Lee , Yo-Sub Han

Improving the accessibility of psychotherapy with the aid of Large Language Models (LLMs) is garnering a significant attention in recent years. Recognizing cognitive distortions from the interviewee's utterances can be an essential part of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-22 Sehee Lim , Yejin Kim , Chi-Hyun Choi , Jy-yong Sohn , Byung-Hoon Kim

Ensuring the safety alignment of Large Language Models (LLMs) is critical for generating responses consistent with human values. However, LLMs remain vulnerable to jailbreaking attacks, where carefully crafted prompts manipulate them into…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-03 Yukai Zhou , Jian Lou , Zhijie Huang , Zhan Qin , Yibei Yang , Wenjie Wang

Large Language Models often generate unfaithful responses in knowledge intensive tasks due to knowledge conflict,that is,a preference for relying on internal parametric knowledge rather than the provided context.To address this issue,we…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-09-15 Shengqiang Fu

Large language models (LLMs) are vulnerable when trained on datasets containing harmful content, which leads to potential jailbreaking attacks in two scenarios: the integration of harmful texts within crowdsourced data used for pre-training…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2024-06-03 Xiaoqun Liu , Jiacheng Liang , Muchao Ye , Zhaohan Xi

Contrastive representation learning (CRL) underpins many modern foundation models. Despite recent theoretical progress, existing analyses suffer from several key limitations: (i) the statistical consistency of CRL remains poorly understood;…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-29 Yuanfan Li , Xiyuan Wei , Tianbao Yang , Yiming Ying

As Large Language Models (LLMs) grow increasingly powerful, ensuring their safety and alignment with human values remains a critical challenge. Ideally, LLMs should provide informative responses while avoiding the disclosure of harmful or…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-04 Lingrui Mei , Shenghua Liu , Yiwei Wang , Baolong Bi , Ruibin Yuan , Xueqi Cheng