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Text-to-Image (T2I) diffusion models enable high quality open ended synthesis, but practical use requires suppressing unsafe generations while preserving behavior on benign prompts. We study this tension relative to the frozen generator,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Minhyuk Lee , Hyekyung Yoon , Myungjoo Kang

As foundation models grow in capability, the ability to efficiently and reliably control their behavior becomes critical. Fine-tuning these models can be costly, and while prompting can be practical for controllability, it remains fragile…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Valentino Maiorca , Eleonora Gualdoni , Xavier Suau , Marco Cuturi , Luca Zappella , Pau Rodríguez

Activation steering controls language model behavior by adding directions to internal representations at inference time, but standard residual-stream steering can fail in stateful dialogue. We identify KV-cache contamination as a key…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-15 Diancheng Kang , Zheyuan Liu , Ningshan Ma , Yue Huang , Zhaoxuan Tan , Meng Jiang

Driving safety is a top priority for autonomous vehicles. Orthogonal to prior work handling accident-prone traffic events by algorithm designs at the policy level, we investigate a Closed-loop Adversarial Training (CAT) framework for safe…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-10-20 Linrui Zhang , Zhenghao Peng , Quanyi Li , Bolei Zhou

Malicious or manipulated prompts are known to exploit text-to-image models to generate unsafe images. Existing studies, however, focus on the passive exploitation of such harmful capabilities. In this paper, we investigate the proactive…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-02-06 Yixin Wu , Ning Yu , Michael Backes , Yun Shen , Yang Zhang

Text-to-Image (T2I) models have shown great performance in generating images based on textual prompts. However, these models are vulnerable to unsafe input to generate unsafe content like sexual, harassment and illegal-activity images.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-13 Zongyu Wu , Hongcheng Gao , Yueze Wang , Xiang Zhang , Suhang Wang

Text-to-image (T2I) models can generate not-safe-for-work (NSFW) content, motivating multi-stage safety pipelines with both text and image filters. Newer LLM-based filters detect latent intent beyond keywords, making token-level…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Zixuan Chen , Hao Lin , Ke Xu , Xinghao Jiang , Tanfeng Sun

Recent text-to-image (T2I) models have had great success, and many benchmarks have been proposed to evaluate their performance and safety. However, they only consider explicit prompts while neglecting implicit prompts (hint at a target…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2024-05-29 Yue Yang , Yuqi Lin , Hong Liu , Wenqi Shao , Runjian Chen , Hailong Shang , Yu Wang , Yu Qiao , Kaipeng Zhang , Ping Luo

Text-to-image (T2I) generative models have achieved remarkable visual fidelity, yet remain vulnerable to generating unsafe content. Existing safety defenses typically intervene internally within the generative model, but suffer from severe…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Xiangtao Meng , Yingkai Dong , Ning Yu , Li Wang , Zheng Li , Shanqing Guo

Text-to-image (T2I) models have raised increasing safety concerns due to their capacity to generate NSFW and other banned objects. To mitigate these risks, safety filters and concept removal techniques have been introduced to block…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Xi Ye , Yiwen Liu , Lina Wang , Run Wang , Geying Yang , Yufei Hou , Jiayi Yu

Standard transport protocols like TCP operate as a blind, FIFO conveyor belt for data, a model that is increasingly suboptimal for latency-sensitive and interactive applications. This paper challenges this model by introducing CATS…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Syed Muhammad Aqdas Rizvi

Text-to-image (T2I) models have demonstrated remarkable generative capabilities but remain vulnerable to producing not-safe-for-work (NSFW) content, such as violent or explicit imagery. While recent moderation efforts have introduced soft…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-15 Zonglei Jing , Xiao Yang , Xiaoqian Li , Siyuan Liang , Aishan Liu , Mingchuan Zhang , Xianglong Liu

Text-to-Image (T2I) diffusion models have demonstrated significant advancements in generating high-quality images, while raising potential safety concerns regarding harmful content generation. Safety-guidance-based methods have been…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Yongli Xiang , Ziming Hong , Zhaoqing Wang , Xiangyu Zhao , Bo Han , Tongliang Liu

Optimization-based jailbreaks typically adopt the Toxic-Continuation setting in large vision-language models (LVLMs), following the standard next-token prediction objective. In this setting, an adversarial image is optimized to make the…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Hee-Seon Kim , Minbeom Kim , Wonjun Lee , Kihyun Kim , Changick Kim

Text-to-Image(T2I) models have achieved remarkable success in image generation and editing, yet these models still have many potential issues, particularly in generating inappropriate or Not-Safe-For-Work(NSFW) content. Strengthening…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-17 Sensen Gao , Xiaojun Jia , Yihao Huang , Ranjie Duan , Jindong Gu , Yang Bai , Yang Liu , Qing Guo

Text-to-Image (T2I) models have gained widespread adoption across various applications. Despite the success, the potential misuse of T2I models poses significant risks of generating Not-Safe-For-Work (NSFW) content. To investigate the…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-08-07 Xinqi Lyu , Yihao Liu , Yanjie Li , Bin Xiao

The key innovation of our analytical method, CaRT, lies in establishing a new hierarchical, distributed architecture to guarantee the safety and robustness of a given learning-based motion planning policy. First, in a nominal setting, the…

Robotics · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Hiroyasu Tsukamoto , Benjamin Rivière , Changrak Choi , Amir Rahmani , Soon-Jo Chung

Text-to-image (T2I) diffusion models have drawn attention for their ability to generate high-quality images with precise text alignment. However, these models can also be misused to produce inappropriate content. Existing safety measures,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-07 Hongxiang Zhang , Yifeng He , Hao Chen

Inference-time intervention (ITI) has emerged as a promising method for steering large language model (LLM) behavior in a particular direction (e.g., improving helpfulness) by intervening on token representations without costly updates to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-10 Duy Nguyen , Archiki Prasad , Elias Stengel-Eskin , Mohit Bansal

Using risky text prompts, such as pornography and violent prompts, to test the safety of text-to-image (T2I) models is a critical task. However, existing risky prompt datasets are limited in three key areas: 1) limited risky categories, 2)…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-11-24 Chenyu Zhang , Tairen Zhang , Lanjun Wang , Ruidong Chen , Wenhui Li , Anan Liu
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