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Deep model fusion/merging is an emerging technique that merges the parameters or predictions of multiple deep learning models into a single one. It combines the abilities of different models to make up for the biases and errors of a single…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-28 Weishi Li , Yong Peng , Miao Zhang , Liang Ding , Han Hu , Li Shen

Model merging has emerged as a promising approach for unifying independently fine-tuned models into an integrated framework, significantly enhancing computational efficiency in multi-task learning. Recently, several SVD-based techniques…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Chanhyuk Lee , Jiho Choi , Chanryeol Lee , Donggyun Kim , Seunghoon Hong

Recent advancements in building domain-specific large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable success, especially in tasks requiring reasoning abilities like logical inference over complex relationships and multi-step problem solving.…

Model merging, particularly through weight averaging, has shown surprising effectiveness in saving computations and improving model performance without any additional training. However, the interpretability of why and how this technique…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-20 Hu Wang , Congbo Ma , Ibrahim Almakky , Ian Reid , Gustavo Carneiro , Mohammad Yaqub

Recent large reasoning models (LRMs) have made substantial progress in complex reasoning tasks, yet they often generate lengthy reasoning paths for every query, incurring unnecessary computation and latency. Existing speed-up approaches…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-08 Zhaofeng Zhong , Wei Yuan , Tong Chen , Xiangyu Zhao , Quoc Viet Hung Nguyen , Hongzhi Yin

In this paper, we present an Adaptive Ensemble Learning framework that aims to boost the performance of deep neural networks by intelligently fusing features through ensemble learning techniques. The proposed framework integrates ensemble…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-04-07 Neelesh Mungoli

Model merging is a technique that combines multiple large pretrained models into a single model with enhanced performance and broader task adaptability. It has gained popularity in large pretrained model development due to its ability to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-30 Yu Zhou , Xingyu Wu , Jibin Wu , Liang Feng , Kay Chen Tan

In this paper, we study multi-target domain adaptation of scene understanding models. While previous methods achieved commendable results through inter-domain consistency losses, they often assumed unrealistic simultaneous access to images…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Wenyi Li , Huan-ang Gao , Mingju Gao , Beiwen Tian , Rong Zhi , Hao Zhao

Adaptive inference schemes reduce the cost of machine learning inference by assigning smaller models to easier examples, attempting to avoid invocation of larger models when possible. In this work we explore a simple, effective adaptive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-13 Steven Kolawole , Don Dennis , Ameet Talwalkar , Virginia Smith

Model merging acquires general capabilities without extra data or training by combining multiple models' parameters. Previous approaches achieve linear mode connectivity by aligning parameters into the same loss basin using permutation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-28 Yi-Kai Zhang , Jin Wang , Xu-Xiang Zhong , De-Chuan Zhan , Han-Jia Ye

Models trained on different datasets can be merged by a weighted-averaging of their parameters, but why does it work and when can it fail? Here, we connect the inaccuracy of weighted-averaging to mismatches in the gradients and propose a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-26 Nico Daheim , Thomas Möllenhoff , Edoardo Maria Ponti , Iryna Gurevych , Mohammad Emtiyaz Khan

Text embeddings are vital for tasks such as text retrieval and semantic textual similarity (STS). Recently, the advent of pretrained language models, along with unified benchmarks like the Massive Text Embedding Benchmark (MTEB), has…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-22 Mingxin Li , Zhijie Nie , Yanzhao Zhang , Dingkun Long , Richong Zhang , Pengjun Xie

We present a holistic framework for Continual Model Merging (CMM) that intervenes at three critical stages: pre-merging, during merging, and post-merging-to address two fundamental challenges in continual learning. In particular,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-23 Hoang Phan , Sungmin Cha , Tung Lam Tran , Qi Lei

Model merging has attracted significant attention as a powerful paradigm for model reuse, facilitating the integration of task-specific models into a singular, versatile framework endowed with multifarious capabilities. Previous studies,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-03 Zhengqi Xu , Han Zheng , Jie Song , Li Sun , Mingli Song

Cognitive diagnosis is a crucial task in computational education, aimed at evaluating students' proficiency levels across various knowledge concepts through exercises. Current models, however, primarily rely on students' answered exercises,…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Haiping Ma , Changqian Wang , Hengshu Zhu , Shangshang Yang , Xiaoming Zhang , Xingyi Zhang

Model merging aggregates Large Language Models (LLMs) finetuned on different tasks into a stronger one. However, parameter conflicts between models leads to performance degradation in averaging. While model routing addresses this issue by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-12 Kunfeng Lai , Zhenheng Tang , Xinglin Pan , Peijie Dong , Xiang Liu , Haolan Chen , Li Shen , Bo Li , Xiaowen Chu

Reward fine-tuning has become a common approach for aligning pretrained diffusion and flow models with human preferences in text-to-image generation. Among reward-gradient-based methods, Adjoint Matching (AM) provides a principled…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-19 Jeongwoo Shin , Dongsoo Shin , Yuchen Zhu , Wei Guo , Yongxin Chen , Joonseok Lee , Jaewoong Choi , Jaemoo Choi

Continual model merging integrates independently fine-tuned models sequentially without access to the original training data, offering a scalable and efficient solution for continual learning. However, existing methods face two critical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-23 Zihuan Qiu , Yi Xu , Chiyuan He , Fanman Meng , Linfeng Xu , Qingbo Wu , Hongliang Li

Many learning problems involve multiple patterns and varying degrees of uncertainty dependent on the covariates. Advances in Deep Learning (DL) have addressed these issues by learning highly nonlinear input-output dependencies. However,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Aurelio Raffa Ugolini , Mara Tanelli , Valentina Breschi

Large pre-trained language models contain societal biases and carry along these biases to downstream tasks. Current in-processing bias mitigation approaches (like adversarial training) impose debiasing by updating a model's parameters,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-06-21 Deepak Kumar , Oleg Lesota , George Zerveas , Daniel Cohen , Carsten Eickhoff , Markus Schedl , Navid Rekabsaz