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The past decade has seen the emergence of Ising machines targeting hard combinatorial optimization problems by minimizing the Ising Hamiltonian with spins represented by continuous dynamical variables. However, capabilities of these…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2025-12-30 Aditya Shukla , Mikhail Erementchouk , Pinaki Mazumder

Ising machines have emerged as accelerators for combinatorial optimization. To enable practical deployment, this work aims to reduce time-to-solution by addressing three challenges: (1) hardware topology, (2) spin selection and update…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Seungki Hong , Kyeongwon Jeong , Taekwang Jang

The coherent Ising machine (CIM) enables efficient sampling of low-lying energy states of the Ising Hamiltonian with all-to-all connectivity by encoding the spins in the amplitudes of pulsed modes in an optical parametric oscillator (OPO).…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-03-22 Egor S. Tiunov , Alexander E. Ulanov , A. I. Lvovsky

Physical systems that naturally perform energy descent offer a direct route to accelerating machine learning. Oscillator Ising Machines (OIMs) exemplify this idea: their GHz-frequency dynamics mirror both the optimization of energy-based…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-18 Alex Gower

Inspired by the developments in quantum computing, building domain-specific classical hardware to solve computationally hard problems has received increasing attention. Here, by introducing systematic sparsification techniques, we…

Physical Ising machines rely on nature to guide a dynamical system towards an optimal state which can be read out as a heuristical solution to a combinatorial optimization problem. Such designs that use nature as a computing mechanism can…

The commercial and industrial demand for the solution of hard combinatorial optimization problems push forward the development of efficient solvers. One of them is the Ising machine which can solve combinatorial problems mapped to Ising…

Hard combinatorial optimization problems, often mapped to Ising models, promise potential solutions with quantum advantage but are constrained by limited qubit counts in near-term devices. We present an innovative quantum-inspired framework…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-25 Co Tran , Quoc-Bao Tran , Hy Truong Son , Thang N Dinh

To enhance the performance of quantum annealing machines, several methods have been proposed to reduce the number of spins by fixing spin values through preprocessing. We proposed a hybrid optimization method that combines a simulated…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-07-22 Shuta Kikuchi , Nozomu Togawa , Shu Tanaka

Probabilistic computing with pbits is emerging as a computational paradigm for machine learning and for facing combinatorial optimization problems (COPs) with the so-called probabilistic Ising machines (PIMs). From a hardware point of view,…

The versatility and wide-ranging applicability of the Ising model, originally introduced to study phase transitions in magnetic materials, have made it a cornerstone in statistical physics and a valuable tool for evaluating the performance…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2024-05-03 Dirk Van Essendelft , Hayl Almolyki , Wei Shi , Terry Jordan , Mei-Yu Wang , Wissam A. Saidi

Combinatorial optimization has wide applications from industry to natural science. Ising machines bring an emerging computing paradigm for efficiently solving a combinatorial optimization problem by searching a ground state of a given Ising…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2024-07-16 Kentaro Ohno , Tatsuhiko Shirai , Nozomu Togawa

From condensed matter to quantum chromodynamics, multidimensional spins are a fundamental paradigm, with a pivotal role in combinatorial optimization and machine learning. Machines formed by coupled parametric oscillators can simulate spin…

Optics · Physics 2022-11-29 Marcello Calvanese Strinati , Claudio Conti

Hardware implementations of the Ising model offer promising solutions to large-scale optimization tasks. In the literature, various nanodevices have been shown to emulate the spin dynamics for such Ising machines with remarkable…

Recent advances in aligning large language models with human preferences have corroborated the growing importance of best-of-N distillation (BOND). However, the iterative BOND algorithm is prohibitively expensive in practice due to the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-20 Tong Yang , Jincheng Mei , Hanjun Dai , Zixin Wen , Shicong Cen , Dale Schuurmans , Yuejie Chi , Bo Dai

Ising machines (IMs) are specialized devices designed to efficiently solve combinatorial optimization problems. Among such problems, Boolean Satisfiability (SAT) is particularly relevant in industrial applications. To solve SAT problems…

Statistical Mechanics · Physics 2025-08-01 Robbe De Prins , Guy Van der Sande , Peter Bienstman , Thomas Van Vaerenbergh

In combinatorial optimization, probabilistic Ising machines (PIMs) have gained significant attention for their acceleration of Monte Carlo sampling with the potential to reduce time-to-solution in finding approximate ground states. However,…

Materials Science · Physics 2025-06-18 Shuhan Yang , Andrea Grimaldi , Youwei Bao , Eleonora Raimondo , Jia Si , Giovanni Finocchio , Hyunsoo Yang

Ising Machines are emerging hardware architectures that efficiently solve NP-Hard combinatorial optimization problems. Generally, combinatorial problems are transformed into quadratic unconstrained binary optimization (QUBO) form, but this…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-12 Chirag Garg , Sayeef Salahuddin

Analog Ising machines (AIMs) have emerged as a promising paradigm for combinatorial optimization, utilizing physical dynamics to solve Ising problems with high energy efficiency. However, the performance of traditional optimization and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-11 Aditya Choudhary , Saaketh Desai , Prasad Iyer

Oscillator-based Ising/Potts machines (OIMs/OPMs) are promising hardware accelerators for NP-hard combinatorial optimization problems using coupled oscillator synchronization dynamics. Analog OIMs/OPMs offer speed advantages but have…

Hardware Architecture · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Yilmaz Ege Gonul , Baris Taskin