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We describe stabilizer states and Clifford group operations using linear operations and quadratic forms over binary vector spaces. We show how the n-qubit Clifford group is isomorphic to a group with an operation that is defined in terms of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-11-10 Jeroen Dehaene , Bart De Moor

As quantum computing advances toward the late-NISQ and early fault-tolerant eras, scalable and platform-independent benchmarks are essential for quantifying computational capacity in a classically verifiable manner. We introduce two…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-12-23 Attila Portik , Orsolya Kálmán , Thomas Monz , Zoltán Zimborás

We aim to establish a scalable scheme for characterising diagonal non-Clifford gates for single- and multi-qudit systems; \(d\) is a prime-power integer. By employing cyclic operators and a qudit T gate, we generalise the dihedral…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-08-02 David Amaro-Alcalá , Barry C. Sanders , Hubert de Guise

Symmetry groups are projectively represented in quantum mechanics, and crystalline symmetries are fundamental in condensed matter physics. Here, we systematically present a unified theory of quantum mechanical space groups from two…

Mathematical Physics · Physics 2020-09-17 Y. X. Zhao , L. B. Shao

We describe in detail how to perform universal fault-tolerant quantum computation on a 2-D color code, making use of only nearest neighbor interactions. Three defects (holes) in the code are used to represent logical qubits. Triple defect…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2015-03-13 Austin G. Fowler

Progress in quantum hardware design is progressing toward machines of sufficient size to begin realizing quantum algorithms in disciplines such as encryption and physics. Quantum circuits for addition are crucial to realize many quantum…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-06-10 Himanshu Thapliyal , Edgard Muñoz-Coreas , Vladislav Khalus

The Clifford group is the quotient of the normalizer of the Weyl-Heisenberg group in dimension $d$ by its centre. We prove that when $d$ is not prime the Clifford group is not a group unitary $2$-design. Furthermore, we prove that the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-08-10 Matthew A. Graydon , Joshua Skanes-Norman , Joel J. Wallman

We give a general proof for the existence and realizability of Clifford gates in the Ising topological quantum computer. We show that all quantum gates that can be implemented by braiding of Ising anyons are Clifford gates. We find that the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2009-03-17 Andre Ahlbrecht , Lachezar S. Georgiev , Reinhard F. Werner

A set of universal quantum gates is a vital part of the theory of quantum computing, but is absent in the developing theory of Relativistic Quantum Information (RQI). Yet, the Unruh--DeWitt (UDW) detector formalism can be elevated to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-02-16 Eric Aspling , Michael Lawler

We propose an algebraic formulation for two distinct quantum algorithms: a quantum classification algorithm and a quantum search algorithm with a non-uniform initial distribution, both based on Clifford algebras and spinorial…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Lauro Mascarenhas , Vinicius N. A. Lula-Rocha , Marco A. S. Trindade

A quantum codeword is a redundant representation of a logical qubit by means of several physical qubits. It is constructed in such a way that if one of the physical qubits is perturbed, for example if it gets entangled with an unknown…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Asher Peres

We give an algebraic formulation based on Clifford algebras and algebraic spinors for quantum information. In this context, logic gates and concepts such as chirality, charge conjugation, parity and time reversal are introduced and explored…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-10-28 Marco A. S. Trindade , Sergio Floquet , J. David M. Vianna

We describe the mathematical theory of topological quantum computing with symmetry defects in the language of fusion categories and unitary representations. Symmetry defects together with anyons are modeled by G-crossed braided extensions…

Quantum Algebra · Mathematics 2018-11-07 Colleen Delaney , Zhenghan Wang

As quantum devices scale toward practical machine learning applications, the binary qubit paradigm faces expressivity and resource efficiency limitations. Multi-level quantum systems, or qudits, offer a promising alternative by harnessing a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-05-09 Tiago de Souza Farias , Lucas Friedrich , Jonas Maziero

Quantum probes that enable enhanced exploration and characterization of complex systems are central to modern science, spanning applications from biology to astrophysics and chemical design. In large many-body quantum systems, interactions…

We introduce magic-augmented Clifford circuits -- architectures in which Clifford circuits are preceded and/or followed by constant-depth circuits of non-Clifford (``magic") gates -- as a resource-efficient way to realize approximate…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-09 Yuzhen Zhang , Sagar Vijay , Yingfei Gu , Yimu Bao

We exploit hyperfine interactions in a single Mn-ion confined in a quantum dot (QD) to create a qudit, i.e. a multi-level quantum-bit system, with well defined, addressable and robust set of spin states for the realization of universal…

Mesoscale and Nanoscale Physics · Physics 2019-09-18 Fabrizio Moro , Alistair J. Fielding , Lyudmila Turyanska , Amalia Patanè

We prove that local random quantum circuits acting on n qubits composed of O(t^{10} n^2) many nearest neighbor two-qubit gates form an approximate unitary t-design. Previously it was unknown whether random quantum circuits were a t-design…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-11 Fernando G. S. L. Brandao , Aram W. Harrow , Michal Horodecki

Quantum circuit compilation comprises many computationally hard reasoning tasks that nonetheless lie inside #$\mathbf{P}$ and its decision counterpart in $\mathbf{PP}$. The classical simulation of general quantum circuits is a core example.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-03-13 Jingyi Mei , Marcello Bonsangue , Alfons Laarman

Quantum computers take advantage of the superpositional logic of quantum mechanics to allow for dramatic increases in computational efficiency. rf-SQUIDs show potential for quantum computing applications by forming the qubit component of a…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2007-05-23 Christopher Altman