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Estimation of value in policy gradient methods is a fundamental problem. Generalized Advantage Estimation (GAE) is an exponentially-weighted estimator of an advantage function similar to $\lambda$-return. It substantially reduces the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-27 Xiulei Song , Yizhao Jin , Greg Slabaugh , Simon Lucas

Reinforcement learning has become a powerful paradigm for post-training large language model agents, yet credit assignment in multi-turn environments remains a challenge. Agents often receive sparse, trajectory-level rewards only at the end…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Siyuan Zhu , Chao Yu , Rongxin Yang , Zongkai Liu , Jinjun Hu , Qiwen Chen , Yibo Zhang

Generalized Advantage Estimation (GAE) has been used to mitigate the computational complexity of reinforcement learning (RL) by employing an exponentially weighted estimation of the advantage function to reduce the variance in policy…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-24 Shahil Shaik , Jonathon M. Smereka , Yue Wang

The predominant approach in reinforcement learning is to assign credit to actions based on the expected return. However, we show that the return may depend on the policy in a way which could lead to excessive variance in value estimation…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-07 Hsiao-Ru Pan , Nico Gürtler , Alexander Neitz , Bernhard Schölkopf

The discounting mechanism in Reinforcement Learning determines the relative importance of future and present rewards. While exponential discounting is widely used in practice, non-exponential discounting methods that align with human…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-14 Ariel Kwiatkowski , Vicky Kalogeiton , Julien Pettré , Marie-Paule Cani

This paper introduces an innovative approach to enhance distributed cooperative learning using Gaussian process (GP) regression in multi-agent systems (MASs). The key contribution of this work is the development of an elective learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-02-06 Zewen Yang , Xiaobing Dai , Akshat Dubey , Sandra Hirche , Georges Hattab

We propose an efficient multi-agent reinforcement learning approach to derive equilibrium strategies for multi-agents who are participating in a Markov game. Mainly, we are focused on obtaining decentralized policies for agents to maximize…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2018-10-23 Heechang Ryu , Hayong Shin , Jinkyoo Park

This paper proposes an advantage estimation approach based on data augmentation for policy optimization. Unlike using data augmentation on the input to learn value and policy function as existing methods use, our method uses data…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Md Masudur Rahman , Yexiang Xue

Imitation learning algorithms can be used to learn a policy from expert demonstrations without access to a reward signal. However, most existing approaches are not applicable in multi-agent settings due to the existence of multiple (Nash)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2018-07-27 Jiaming Song , Hongyu Ren , Dorsa Sadigh , Stefano Ermon

Recent advances in reinforcement learning for foundation models, such as Group Relative Policy Optimization (GRPO), have significantly improved the performance of foundation models on reasoning tasks. Notably, the advantage function serves…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-09-26 Wenke Huang , Quan Zhang , Yiyang Fang , Jian Liang , Xuankun Rong , Huanjin Yao , Guancheng Wan , Ke Liang , Wenwen He , Mingjun Li , Leszek Rutkowski , Mang Ye , Bo Du , Dacheng Tao

We develop a new class of model-free deep reinforcement learning algorithms for data-driven, learning-based control. Our Generalized Policy Improvement algorithms combine the policy improvement guarantees of on-policy methods with the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-15 James Queeney , Ioannis Ch. Paschalidis , Christos G. Cassandras

We consider the problem of distributedly estimating Gaussian processes in multi-agent frameworks. Each agent collects few measurements and aims to collaboratively reconstruct a common estimate based on all data. Agents are assumed with…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2018-05-11 Gianluigi Pillonetto , Luca Schenato , Damiano Varagnolo

Training Large Language Models (LLMs) for reasoning tasks is increasingly driven by Reinforcement Learning with Verifiable Rewards (RLVR), where Proximal Policy Optimization (PPO) provides a principled framework for stable policy updates.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-13 Xue Gong , Qi Yi , Ziyuan Nan , Guanhua Huang , Kejiao Li , Yuhao Jiang , Ruibin Xiong , Zenan Xu , Jiaming Guo , Shaohui Peng , Bo Zhou

While on-policy algorithms are known for their stability, they often demand a substantial number of samples. In contrast, off-policy algorithms, which leverage past experiences, are considered sample-efficient but tend to exhibit…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-28 Jianfei Ma

We introduce the General Incentives-based Framework for Fairness (GIFF), a novel approach for fair multi-agent resource allocation that infers fair decision-making from standard value functions. In resource-constrained settings, agents…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2025-10-31 Ashwin Kumar , William Yeoh

This paper considers offline multi-agent reinforcement learning. We propose the strategy-wise concentration principle which directly builds a confidence interval for the joint strategy, in contrast to the point-wise concentration principle…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-10-17 Qiwen Cui , Simon S. Du

Multi-agent reinforcement learning faces fundamental challenges that conventional approaches have failed to overcome: exponentially growing joint action spaces, non-stationary environments where simultaneous learning creates moving targets,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Hang Wang , Junshan Zhang

When multiple agents learn in a decentralized manner, the environment appears non-stationary from the perspective of an individual agent due to the exploration and learning of the other agents. Recently proposed deep multi-agent…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-06-16 Xueguang Lyu , Christopher Amato

Multi-scene reinforcement learning involves training the RL agent across multiple scenes / levels from the same task, and has become essential for many generalization applications. However, the inclusion of multiple scenes leads to an…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-26 Jaskirat Singh , Liang Zheng

Automated Feature Engineering (AFE) refers to automatically generate and select optimal feature sets for downstream tasks, which has achieved great success in real-world applications. Current AFE methods mainly focus on improving the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-27 Kafeng Wang , Pengyang Wang , Chengzhong xu
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