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We propose a new approach to value function approximation which combines linear temporal difference reinforcement learning with subspace identification. In practical applications, reinforcement learning (RL) is complicated by the fact that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2015-03-17 Byron Boots , Geoffrey J. Gordon

It is still common to use Q-learning and temporal difference (TD) learning-even though they have divergence issues and sound Gradient TD alternatives exist-because divergence seems rare and they typically perform well. However, recent work…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-09-21 Sina Ghiassian , Andrew Patterson , Shivam Garg , Dhawal Gupta , Adam White , Martha White

Recent advances in recommender systems have shown that user-system interaction essentially formulates long-term optimization problems, and online reinforcement learning can be adopted to improve recommendation performance. The general…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Xiaobei Wang , Shuchang Liu , Qingpeng Cai , Xiang Li , Lantao Hu , Han li , Guangming Xie

Optimization is an important module of modern machine learning applications. Tremendous efforts have been made to accelerate optimization algorithms. A common formulation is achieving a lower loss at a given time. This enables a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-29 Zhonglin Xie , Yiman Fong , Haoran Yuan , Zaiwen Wen

We prove a non-asymptotic central limit theorem for vector-valued martingale differences using Stein's method, and use Poisson's equation to extend the result to functions of Markov Chains. We then show that these results can be applied to…

Probability · Mathematics 2026-02-10 R. Srikant

Despite the wide applications of Adam in reinforcement learning (RL), the theoretical convergence of Adam-type RL algorithms has not been established. This paper provides the first such convergence analysis for two fundamental RL algorithms…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-08-18 Huaqing Xiong , Tengyu Xu , Yingbin Liang , Wei Zhang

We present a distributional approach to theoretical analyses of reinforcement learning algorithms for constant step-sizes. We demonstrate its effectiveness by presenting simple and unified proofs of convergence for a variety of…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-30 Philip Amortila , Doina Precup , Prakash Panangaden , Marc G. Bellemare

Robot control using reinforcement learning has become popular, but its learning process generally terminates halfway through an episode for safety and time-saving reasons. This study addresses the problem of the most popular exception…

Robotics · Computer Science 2026-02-25 Taisuke Kobayashi

We evaluate the ability of temporal difference learning to track the reward function of a policy as it changes over time. Our results apply a new adiabatic theorem that bounds the mixing time of time-inhomogeneous Markov chains. We derive…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-11-03 Neil Walton

We extend temporal-difference (TD) learning in order to obtain risk-sensitive, model-free reinforcement learning algorithms. This extension can be regarded as modification of the Rescorla-Wagner rule, where the (sigmoidal) stimulus is taken…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-11-05 Grégoire Delétang , Jordi Grau-Moya , Markus Kunesch , Tim Genewein , Rob Brekelmans , Shane Legg , Pedro A. Ortega

Predictions and predictive knowledge have seen recent success in improving not only robot control but also other applications ranging from industrial process control to rehabilitation. A property that makes these predictive approaches well…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-03-05 Johannes Günther , Nadia M. Ady , Alex Kearney , Michael R. Dawson , Patrick M. Pilarski

TD-learning is a foundation reinforcement learning (RL) algorithm for value prediction. Critical to the accuracy of value predictions is the quality of state representations. In this work, we consider the question: how does end-to-end…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-31 Yunhao Tang , Rémi Munos

One of the fundamental challenges associated with reinforcement learning (RL) is that collecting sufficient data can be both time-consuming and expensive. In this paper, we formalize a concept of time reversal symmetry in a Markov decision…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-29 Brett Barkley , Amy Zhang , David Fridovich-Keil

This work provides test error bounds for iterative fixed point methods on linear predictors -- specifically, stochastic and batch mirror descent (MD), and stochastic temporal difference learning (TD) -- with two core contributions: (a) a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-29 Matus Telgarsky

This paper studies the problem of parameter learning in probabilistic graphical models having latent variables, where the standard approach is the expectation maximization algorithm alternating expectation (E) and maximization (M) steps.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-02-15 Hyeryung Jang , Hyungwon Choi , Yung Yi , Jinwoo Shin

Integral to recent successes in deep reinforcement learning has been a class of temporal difference methods that use infrequently updated target values for policy evaluation in a Markov Decision Process. Yet a complete theoretical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-15 Mattie Fellows , Matthew J. A. Smith , Shimon Whiteson

TD($\lambda$) in value-based MARL algorithms or the Temporal Difference critic learning in Actor-Critic-based (AC-based) algorithms synergistically integrate elements from Monte-Carlo simulation and Q function bootstrapping via dynamic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Yue Deng , Zirui Wang , Yin Zhang

We present a novel deep learning method for estimating time-dependent parameters in Markov processes through discrete sampling. Departing from conventional machine learning, our approach reframes parameter approximation as an optimization…

We study two time-scale linear stochastic approximation algorithms, which can be used to model well-known reinforcement learning algorithms such as GTD, GTD2, and TDC. We present finite-time performance bounds for the case where the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-16 Harsh Gupta , R. Srikant , Lei Ying

Solving a reinforcement learning (RL) problem poses two competing challenges: fitting a potentially discontinuous value function, and generalizing well to new observations. In this paper, we analyze the learning dynamics of temporal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-07 Clare Lyle , Mark Rowland , Will Dabney , Marta Kwiatkowska , Yarin Gal