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Dimensionality reduction methods such as t-SNE and UMAP are popular methods for visualizing data with a potential (latent) clustered structure. They are known to group data points at the same time as they embed them, resulting in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-04 Elizabeth Coda , Ery Arias-Castro , Gal Mishne

Exploratory analysis of high-dimensional data rarely stops at a single embedding. In practice, analysts rerun dimensionality reduction after changing preprocessing, subsets, or hyperparameters, and standard nonlinear methods can quickly…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Hongmin Li

In this work, we investigate Riemannian geometry based dimensionality reduction methods that respect the underlying manifold structure of the data. In particular, we focus on Principal Geodesic Analysis (PGA) as a nonlinear generalization…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Alaa El Ichi , Khalide Jbilou

Principal component analysis (PCA) is a well-known linear dimension-reduction method that has been widely used in data analysis and modeling. It is an unsupervised learning technique that identifies a suitable linear subspace for the input…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-09-10 Shaojie Xu , Joel Vaughan , Jie Chen , Agus Sudjianto , Vijayan Nair

The success of machine learning algorithms heavily relies on the quality of samples and the accuracy of their corresponding labels. However, building and maintaining large, high-quality datasets is an enormous task. This is especially true…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-08-02 Mohammad Tariqul Islam , Jason W. Fleischer

While the existence of low-dimensional embedding manifolds has been shown in patterns of collective motion, the current battery of nonlinear dimensionality reduction methods are not amenable to the analysis of such manifolds. This is mainly…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2017-07-21 Kelum Gajamannage , Sachit Butail , Maurizio Porfiri , Erik M. Bollt

Recently, Su and Cook proposed a dimension reduction technique called the inner envelope which can be substantially more efficient than the original envelope or existing dimension reduction techniques for multivariate regression. However,…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-05-25 Linquan Ma , Hyunseung Kang , Lan Liu

Effective feature representation is key to the predictive performance of any algorithm. This paper introduces a meta-procedure, called Non-Euclidean Upgrading (NEU), which learns feature maps that are expressive enough to embed the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2021-05-11 Anastasis Kratsios , Cody Hyndman

This is a tutorial and survey paper on various methods for Sufficient Dimension Reduction (SDR). We cover these methods with both statistical high-dimensional regression perspective and machine learning approach for dimensionality…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-10-20 Benyamin Ghojogh , Ali Ghodsi , Fakhri Karray , Mark Crowley

Metric learning methods for dimensionality reduction in combination with k-Nearest Neighbors (kNN) have been extensively deployed in many classification, data embedding, and information retrieval applications. However, most of these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2017-07-07 Martin Renqiang Min , Hongyu Guo , Dongjin Song

This paper presents an extensive empirical study on the integration of dimensionality reduction techniques with advanced unsupervised time series anomaly detection models, focusing on the MUTANT and Anomaly-Transformer models. The study…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-08 Mahsun Altin , Altan Cakir

The goal of dimension reduction tools is to construct a low-dimensional representation of high-dimensional data. These tools are employed for a variety of reasons such as noise reduction, visualization, and to lower computational costs.…

Applications · Statistics 2024-09-20 Justin Lin , Julia Fukuyama

Spectral Embedding (SE) is a popular method for dimensionality reduction, applicable across diverse domains. Nevertheless, its current implementations face three prominent drawbacks which curtail its broader applicability: generalizability…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-08-21 Nir Ben-Ari , Amitai Yacobi , Uri Shaham

This paper presents a comprehensive overview of several multidimensional reduction methods focusing on Multidimensional Principal Component Analysis (MPCA), Multilinear Orthogonal Neighborhood Preserving Projection (MONPP), Multidimensional…

Numerical Analysis · Mathematics 2026-01-05 Mohamed El Guide , Alaa El Ichi , Khalide Jbilou , Lothar Reichel , Hessah Alqahtani

One of the fundamental problems within the field of machine learning is dimensionality reduction. Dimensionality reduction methods make it possible to combat the so-called curse of dimensionality, visualize high-dimensional data and, in…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Sergio García-Heredia , Ángela Fernández , Carlos M. Alaíz

Projection algorithms such as t-SNE or UMAP are useful for the visualization of high dimensional data, but depend on hyperparameters which must be tuned carefully. Unfortunately, iteratively recomputing projections to find the optimal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-06-28 Gabriel Appleby , Mateus Espadoto , Rui Chen , Samuel Goree , Alexandru Telea , Erik W Anderson , Remco Chang

Scientific and engineering processes deliver massive high-dimensional data sets that are generated as non-linear transformations of an initial state and few process parameters. Mapping such data to a low-dimensional manifold facilitates…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-08-07 Frank Schoeneman , Varun Chandola , Nils Napp , Olga Wodo , Jaroslaw Zola

We introduce the Linearized Diffusion Map (LDM), a novel linear dimensionality reduction method constructed via a linear approximation of the diffusion-map kernel. LDM integrates the geometric intuition of diffusion-based nonlinear methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-22 Julio Candanedo

Ensemble learning has had many successes in supervised learning, but it has been rare in unsupervised learning and dimensionality reduction. This study explores dimensionality reduction ensembles, using principal component analysis and…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-10-13 Colleen M. Farrelly

Dimensionality reduction techniques are widely used for visualizing high-dimensional data in two dimensions. Existing methods are typically designed to preserve either local (e.g., $t$-SNE, UMAP) or global (e.g., MDS, PCA) structure of the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-02 Noël Kury , Dmitry Kobak , Sebastian Damrich