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Reconfigurable intelligent surfaces (RISs) enable programmable control of wireless propagation. Beyond environmental deployments, integrating metasurfaces at the antenna front end allows direct manipulation of the radiated electromagnetic…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-09 Chandan Kumar Sheemar , Wali Ullah Khan , Sourabh Solanki , George C. Alexandropoulos , Symeon Chatzinotas

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) extend the concept of reconfigurable intelligent surfaces by cascading multiple programmable layers, enabling advanced electromagnetic wave transformations for communication and sensing applications.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-24 Giuseppe Pettanice , Andrea Abrardo , Alberto Toccafondi , Marco Di Renzo

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) have recently emerged as an effective solution for next-generation wireless networks. A SIM comprises multiple metasurface layers that enable signal processing directly in the wave domain. Moreover,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-11-11 Ahmed Magbool , Vaibhav Kumar , Marco Di Renzo , Mark F. Flanagan

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) represent a key enabler for next-generation wireless networks, offering beamforming gains while significantly reducing radio-frequency chain requirements. In conventional space-only SIM architectures,…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-29 Donatella Darsena , Ivan Iudice , Vincenzo Galdi , Francesco Verde

In this paper, we explore the integration of low-power, low-cost stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIM) into cell-free (CF) massive multiple-input multiple-output (mMIMO) systems to enhance access point (AP) capabilities and address high…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-09-20 Enyu Shi , Jiayi Zhang , Yiyang Zhu , Jiancheng An , Chau Yuen , Bo Ai

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) facilitate computation by cascaded programmable layers so that part of the signal processing can be performed in the wave domain during signal propagation, rather than solely after reception. This…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-09 Mengbing Liu , Chau Yuen , Dusit Niyato , Bruno Clerckx , Lajos Hanzo

Stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) is an emerging design that consists of multiple layers of metasurfaces. A SIM enables holographic multiple-input multiple-output (HMIMO) precoding in the wave domain, which results in the reduction of…

Neural networks possess incredible capabilities for extracting abstract features from data. Electromagnetic computing harnesses wave propagation to execute computational operations. Metasurfaces, composed of subwavelength meta-atoms, are…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Jiancheng An , Chau Yuen , Marco Di Renzo , Mehdi Bennis , Merouane Debbah , Lajos Hanzo

In limited feedback multi-user multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO) cellular networks, users send quantized information about the channel conditions to the associated base station (BS) for downlink beamforming. However, channel…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2022-09-07 Yifan Ma , Xianghao Yu , Jun Zhang , S. H. Song , Khaled B. Letaief

The revolutionary technology of \emph{Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces (SIM)} has been recently shown to be capable of carrying out advanced signal processing directly in the native electromagnetic (EM) wave domain. An SIM is fabricated by…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-05-16 Jiancheng An , Chao Xu , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , George C. Alexandropoulos , Chongwen Huang , Chau Yuen , Lajos Hanzo

The sixth-generation (6G) wireless networks are expected to deliver ubiquitous connectivity, resilient coverage, and intelligence-driven services in highly dynamic environments. To achieve these goals, distributed wireless architectures…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-10-24 Enyu Shi , Jiayi Zhang , Zhilong Liu , Ziheng Liu , Arumugam Nallanathan , Merouane Debbah , Shi Jin , Bo Ai

Reconfigurable Intelligent Surfaces (RIS) represent transformative technologies for next-generation wireless communications, offering advanced control over electromagnetic wave propagation. While RIS have been extensively studied, Stacked…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-06-12 Andrea Abrardo , Giulio Bartoli , Alberto Toccafondi

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIM) represents an advanced signal processing paradigm that enables over-the-air processing of electromagnetic waves at the speed of light. Its multi-layer structure exhibits customizable increased…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-15 Hao Liu , Jiancheng An , Derrick Wing Kwan Ng , George C. Alexandropoulos , Lu Gan

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) have emerged as a powerful paradigm for wave-domain signal processing, enabling fine-grained control over electromagnetic (EM) propagation in next-generation wireless systems. However, conventional…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2026-03-12 Hong Niu , Chau Yuen , Marco Di Renzo , Mérouane Debbah , H. Vincent Poor

The rapid growth of wireless communications has created a significant demand for high throughput, seamless connectivity, and extremely low latency. To meet these goals, a novel technology -- stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) -- has…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2025-05-05 Hao Liu , Jiancheng An , Xing Jia , Lu Gan , George K. Karagiannidis , Bruno Clerckx , Mehdi Bennis , Mérouane Debbah , Tie Jun Cui

Stacked intelligent metasurfaces (SIMs) have recently emerged as a promising metasurface-based physical-layer paradigm for wireless communications, enabling wave-domain signal processing through multiple cascaded metasurface layers.…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-02-13 Ahmed Magbool , Vaibhav Kumar , Marco Di Renzo , Mark F. Flanagan

The deployment of Extremely Large-Scale Antenna Arrays for 6G enables radiative near-field sensing but poses significant challenges in terms of hardware complexity and interference. Stacked Intelligent Metasurfaces (SIMs) address these…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-05-25 Andrea Abrardo , Bartoli Giulio

Stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) extends the concept of single-layer reconfigurable holographic surfaces (RHS) by incorporating a multi-layered structure, thereby providing enhanced control over electromagnetic wave propagation and…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-07-24 Junjie Fang , Chao Zhang , Jiancheng An , Hongwen Yu , Qingqing Wu , Mérouane Debbah , Chau Yuen

Large-scale multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) systems are capable of achieving high date rate. However, given the high hardware cost and excessive power consumption of massive MIMO systems, as a remedy, intelligent metasurfaces have…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Qingchao Li , Mohammed El-Hajjar , Chao Xu , Jiancheng An , Chau Yuen , Lajos Hanzo

Stacked intelligent metasurface (SIM) is an emerging programmable metasurface architecture that can implement signal processing directly in the electromagnetic wave domain, thereby enabling efficient implementation of ultra-massive…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2023-09-29 Qurrat-Ul-Ain Nadeem , Jiancheng An , Anas Chaaban