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Deep learning is a powerful tool for whole slide image (WSI) analysis. Typically, when performing supervised deep learning, a WSI is divided into small patches, trained and the outcomes are aggregated to estimate disease grade. However,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-20 Yi Zheng , Rushin H. Gindra , Emily J. Green , Eric J. Burks , Margrit Betke , Jennifer E. Beane , Vijaya B. Kolachalama

Survival analysis is critical for cancer prognosis and treatment planning, yet existing methods lack the transparency essential for clinical adoption. While recent pathology agents have demonstrated explainability in diagnostic tasks, they…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-21 Guolin Huang , Wenting Chen , Jiaqi Yang , Xinheng Lyu , Xiaoling Luo , Sen Yang , Xiaohan Xing , Linlin Shen

Multiple instance learning (MIL) has been widely used for representing whole-slide pathology images. However, spatial, semantic, and decision entanglements among instances limit its representation and interpretability. To address these…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-11-05 Chentao Li , Behzad Bozorgtabar , Yifang Ping , Pan Huang , Jing Qin

Classification of gigapixel Whole Slide Images (WSIs) is an important prediction task in the emerging area of computational pathology. There has been a surge of research in deep learning models for WSI classification with clinical…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-05-04 Sajid Javed , Arif Mahmood , Talha Qaiser , Naoufel Werghi , Nasir Rajpoot

In histopathology, tissue samples are often larger than a standard microscope slide, making stitching of multiple fragments necessary to process entire structures such as tumors. Automated stitching is a prerequisite for scaling analysis,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-06 Stefan Brandstätter , Maximilian Köller , Philipp Seeböck , Alissa Blessing , Felicitas Oberndorfer , Svitlana Pochepnia , Helmut Prosch , Georg Langs

The histopathology analysis is of great significance for the diagnosis and prognosis of cancers, however, it has great challenges due to the enormous heterogeneity of gigapixel whole slide images (WSIs) and the intricate representation of…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-02-09 Mingxin Liu , Yunzan Liu , Pengbo Xu , Jiquan Ma

Recent advancements in computational pathology have produced patch-level Multi-modal Large Language Models (MLLMs), but these models are limited by their inability to analyze whole slide images (WSIs) comprehensively and their tendency to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-13 Yuci Liang , Xinheng Lyu , Wenting Chen , Meidan Ding , Jipeng Zhang , Xiangjian He , Song Wu , Xiaohan Xing , Sen Yang , Xiyue Wang , Linlin Shen

Colorectal cancer (CRC) micro-satellite instability (MSI) prediction on histopathology images is a challenging weakly supervised learning task that involves multi-instance learning on gigapixel images. To date, radiology images have proven…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Quan Liu , Jiawen Yao , Lisha Yao , Xin Chen , Jingren Zhou , Le Lu , Ling Zhang , Zaiyi Liu , Yuankai Huo

The advancement of digital pathology, particularly through computational analysis of whole slide images (WSI), is poised to significantly enhance diagnostic precision and efficiency. However, the large size and complexity of WSIs make it…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-11-14 Ravi Kant Gupta , Dadi Dharani , Shambhavi Shanker , Amit Sethi

Whole Slide Images (WSIs) are giga-pixel in scale and are typically partitioned into small instances in WSI classification pipelines for computational feasibility. However, obtaining extensive instance level annotations is costly, making…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-24 Jayanie Bogahawatte , Sachith Seneviratne , Saman Halgamuge

Although multiple instance learning (MIL) methods are widely used for automatic tumor detection on whole slide images (WSI), they suffer from the extreme class imbalance within the small tumor WSIs. This occurs when the tumor comprises only…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-19 Ziyu Su , Mostafa Rezapour , Usama Sajjad , Shuo Niu , Metin Nafi Gurcan , Muhammad Khalid Khan Niazi

Medical image segmentation is fundamental to clinical workflows, yet models trained on a single dataset often fail to generalize across institutions, scanners, or patient populations. While vision foundation models have shown great promise…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Bowen Chen , Qiaohui Gao , Shaowen Wan , Shanhui Sun , Wei Liu , Xiang Li , Tianming Liu , Lin Zhao

The cancer prognosis on gigapixel Whole-Slide Images (WSIs) has always been a challenging task. To further enhance WSI visual representations, existing methods have explored image pyramids, instead of single-resolution images, in WSIs. In…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2023-05-15 Pei Liu , Bo Fu , Feng Ye , Rui Yang , Bin Xu , Luping Ji

The deployment of computer-aided diagnosis systems for cervical cancer screening using whole slide images (WSIs) faces critical challenges due to domain shifts caused by staining variations across different scanners and imaging…

Image and Video Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2025-03-11 Jiangdong Cai , Haotian Jiang , Zhenrong Shen , Yonghao Li , Honglin Xiong , Lichi Zhang , Qian Wang

Multi-instance learning (MIL) is widely used in the computer-aided interpretation of pathological Whole Slide Images (WSIs) to solve the lack of pixel-wise or patch-wise annotations. Often, this approach directly applies "natural image…

Existing multimodal browsing benchmarks often fail to require genuine multimodal reasoning, as many tasks can be solved with text-only heuristics without vision-in-the-loop verification. We introduce MMSearch-Plus, a 311-task benchmark that…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-20 Xijia Tao , Yihua Teng , Xinxing Su , Xinyu Fu , Jihao Wu , Chaofan Tao , Ziru Liu , Haoli Bai , Rui Liu , Lingpeng Kong

Due to the lack of fine-grained annotation guidance, current Multiple Instance Learning (MIL) struggles to establish a robust causal relationship between Whole Slide Image (WSI) diagnosis and evidence sub-images, just like fully supervised…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-08 Tianhang Nan , Yong Ding , Hao Quan , Deliang Li , Lisha Li , Guanghong Zhao , Xiaoyu Cui

Automated whole slide image (WSI) tagging has become a growing demand due to the increasing volume and diversity of WSIs collected nowadays in histopathology. Various methods have been studied to classify WSIs with single tags but none of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2019-07-05 Weijian Li , Viet-Duy Nguyen , Haofu Liao , Matt Wilder , Ke Cheng , Jiebo Luo

Whole slide image (WSI) classification often relies on deep weakly supervised multiple instance learning (MIL) methods to handle gigapixel resolution images and slide-level labels. Yet the decent performance of deep learning comes from…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-06 Jiawei Yang , Hanbo Chen , Yu Zhao , Fan Yang , Yao Zhang , Lei He , Jianhua Yao

Multiple instance learning (MIL) is a powerful approach to classify whole slide images (WSIs) for diagnostic pathology. A fundamental challenge of MIL on WSI classification is to discover the \textit{critical instances} that trigger the bag…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-02 Zhikang Wang , Yue Bi , Tong Pan , Xiaoyu Wang , Chris Bain , Richard Bassed , Seiya Imoto , Jianhua Yao , Jiangning Song