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The generation of high-quality synthetic data presents significant challenges in machine learning research, particularly regarding statistical fidelity and uncertainty quantification. Existing generative models produce compelling synthetic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Rahul Vishwakarma , Shrey Dharmendra Modi , Vishwanath Seshagiri

In graph classification, attention and pooling-based graph neural networks (GNNs) prevail to extract the critical features from the input graph and support the prediction. They mostly follow the paradigm of learning to attend, which…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-06-14 Yongduo Sui , Xiang Wang , Jiancan Wu , Min Lin , Xiangnan He , Tat-Seng Chua

Principled reasoning about the identifiability of causal effects from non-experimental data is an important application of graphical causal models. This paper focuses on effects that are identifiable by covariate adjustment, a commonly used…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2019-01-25 Benito van der Zander , Maciej Liśkiewicz , Johannes Textor

In many classification datasets, the task labels are spuriously correlated with some input attributes. Classifiers trained on such datasets often rely on these attributes for prediction, especially when the spurious correlation is high, and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-11 Abhinav Kumar , Amit Deshpande , Amit Sharma

In observational studies, potential unobserved confounding is a major barrier in isolating the average causal effect (ACE). In these scenarios, two main approaches are often used: confounder adjustment for causality (CAC) and instrumental…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-11-26 Roy S. Zawadzki , Daniel L. Gillen

This study investigates the generation of high-quality synthetic categorical data, such as survey data, using causal graph models. Generating synthetic data aims not only to create a variety of data for training the models but also to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-04-17 Olha Shaposhnyk , Noor Abid , Mouri Zakir , Svetlana Yanushkevich

Traditional statistical inference in cluster randomized trials typically invokes the asymptotic theory that requires the number of clusters to approach infinity. In this article, we propose an alternative conformal causal inference…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-10-03 Bingkai Wang , Fan Li , Mengxin Yu

Many algorithms have been recently proposed for causal machine learning. Yet, there is little to no theory on their quality, especially considering finite samples. In this work, we propose a theory based on generalization bounds that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2024-05-16 Daniel Csillag , Claudio José Struchiner , Guilherme Tegoni Goedert

Causal inference and model interpretability research are gaining increasing attention, especially in the domains of healthcare and bioinformatics. Despite recent successes in this field, decorrelating features under nonlinear environments…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-30 Junda Wang , Weijian Li , Han Wang , Hanjia Lyu , Caroline Thirukumaran , Addisu Mesfin , Jiebo Luo

This paper proposes probabilistic conformal prediction (PCP), a predictive inference algorithm that estimates a target variable by a discontinuous predictive set. Given inputs, PCP construct the predictive set based on random samples from…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-06-22 Zhendong Wang , Ruijiang Gao , Mingzhang Yin , Mingyuan Zhou , David M. Blei

Probabilities of causation are fundamental to individual-level explanation and decision making, yet they are inherently counterfactual and not point-identifiable from data in general. Existing bounds either disregard available covariates,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Yuxuan Xie , Ang Li

Causal discovery aims to uncover cause-and-effect relationships encoded in causal graphs by leveraging observational, interventional data, or their combination. The majority of existing causal discovery methods are developed assuming…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-25 Muhammad Qasim Elahi , Lai Wei , Murat Kocaoglu , Mahsa Ghasemi

Estimating average causal effect (ACE) is useful whenever we want to know the effect of an intervention on a given outcome. In the absence of a randomized experiment, many methods such as stratification and inverse propensity weighting have…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-07-11 Rathin Desai , Amit Sharma

Understanding causal relationships between variables is fundamental across scientific disciplines. Most causal discovery algorithms rely on two key assumptions: (i) all variables are observed, and (ii) the underlying causal graph is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Muralikrishnna G. Sethuraman , Faramarz Fekri

Time series foundation models (TSFMs) have recently gained significant attention due to their strong zero-shot capabilities and widespread real-world applications. Such models typically require a computationally costly pre-training on…

Propensity scores are commonly used to estimate treatment effects from observational data. We argue that the probabilistic output of a learned propensity score model should be calibrated -- i.e., a predictive treatment probability of 90%…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-06-06 Shachi Deshpande , Volodymyr Kuleshov

Estimating causal effects on time-to-event outcomes from observational data is particularly challenging due to censoring, limited sample sizes, and non-random treatment assignment. The need for answering such "when-if" questions--how the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-11-19 Jessy Xinyi Han , Devavrat Shah

Understanding the causal relationships between data variables can provide crucial insights into the construction of tabular datasets. Most existing causality learning methods typically focus on applying a single identifiable causal model,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Hristo Petkov , Calum MacLellan , Feng Dong

Real-world problems, for example in climate applications, often require causal reasoning on spatially gridded time series data or data with comparable structure. While the underlying system is often believed to behave similarly at different…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-02-16 Martin Rabel , Jakob Runge

Causal Abstraction (CA) theory provides a principled framework for relating causal models that describe the same system at different levels of granularity while ensuring interventional consistency between them. Recent methods for learning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-23 Yorgos Felekis , Theodoros Damoulas , Paris Giampouras