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State-space models (SSMs) provide a flexible framework for modelling time-series data. Consequently, SSMs are ubiquitously applied in areas such as engineering, econometrics and epidemiology. In this paper we provide a fast approach for…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2018-11-22 Tom Ryder , Andrew Golighty , A. Stephen McGough , Dennis Prangle

Prior work has shown that, on small amounts of training data, syntactic neural language models learn structurally sensitive generalisations more successfully than sequential language models. However, their computational complexity renders…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2019-06-18 Adhiguna Kuncoro , Chris Dyer , Laura Rimell , Stephen Clark , Phil Blunsom

We study the scaling limits of stochastic gradient descent (SGD) with constant step-size in the high-dimensional regime. We prove limit theorems for the trajectories of summary statistics (i.e., finite-dimensional functions) of SGD as the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-08-21 Gerard Ben Arous , Reza Gheissari , Aukosh Jagannath

This paper presents an indirect data-driven output feedback controller synthesis for nonlinear systems, leveraging Structured State-space Models (SSMs) as surrogate models. SSMs have emerged as a compelling alternative in modelling…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-04-09 Muhammad Zakwan , Vaibhav Gupta , Alireza Karimi , Efe C. Balta , Giancarlo Ferrari-Trecate

Continuous-time state-space models (SSMs) are flexible tools for analysing irregularly sampled sequential observations that are driven by an underlying state process. Corresponding applications typically involve restrictive assumptions…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-10-29 Sina Mews , Roland Langrock , Marius Ötting , Houda Yaqine , Jost Reinecke

Complex systems span multiple spatial and temporal scales, making their dynamics challenging to understand and predict. This challenge is especially daunting when one wants to study localized and/or rare events. Advances in dynamical…

Atmospheric and Oceanic Physics · Physics 2025-09-22 Chenyu Dong , Gabriele Messori , Davide Faranda , Adriano Gualandi , Valerio Lucarini , Gianmarco Mengaldo

Surface electromyography (sEMG) signals exhibit substantial inter-subject variability and are highly susceptible to noise, posing challenges for robust and interpretable decoding. To address these limitations, we propose a discrete…

Signal Processing · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2026-03-02 Yuepeng Chen , Kaili Zheng , Ji Wu , Zhuangzhuang Li , Ye Ma , Dongwei Liu , Chenyi Guo , Xiangling Fu

Selective state space models (SSMs), such as Mamba, achieve strong per-token expressivity by making the time discretization step $\Tilde{\Delta}$ a learned function of the input. However, in doing so, $\Tilde{\Delta}$ ceases to represent a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-12 Taylan Soydan , Miguel A. Bessa , Dirk Mohr , Rui Barreira

Implicit models, an emerging model class, compute outputs by iterating a single parameter block to a fixed point. This architecture realizes an infinite-depth, weight-tied network that trains with constant memory, significantly reducing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-01 Jialin Liu , Lisang Ding , Stanley Osher , Wotao Yin

This work introduces Structured Linear Controlled Differential Equations (SLiCEs), a unifying framework for sequence models with structured, input-dependent state-transition matrices that retain the maximal expressivity of dense matrices…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-27 Benjamin Walker , Lingyi Yang , Nicola Muca Cirone , Cristopher Salvi , Terry Lyons

The recent success of State-Space Models (SSMs) in sequence modeling has motivated their adaptation to graph learning, giving rise to Graph State-Space Models (GSSMs). However, existing GSSMs operate by applying SSM modules to sequences…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-27 Andrea Ceni , Alessio Gravina , Claudio Gallicchio , Davide Bacciu , Carola-Bibiane Schonlieb , Moshe Eliasof

We study stochastic delay differential equations (SDDE) where the coefficients depend on the moving averages of the state process. As a first contribution, we provide sufficient conditions under which a linear path functional of the…

Probability · Mathematics 2013-10-17 Salvatore Federico , Peter Tankov

Many real-world dynamical systems can be described as State-Space Models (SSMs). In this formulation, each observation is emitted by a latent state, which follows first-order Markovian dynamics. A Probabilistic Deep SSM (ProDSSM)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-09-18 Andreas Look , Melih Kandemir , Barbara Rakitsch , Jan Peters

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly used in tasks requiring internal state tracking, yet their ability to model state transition dynamics remains poorly understood. We evaluate how well LLMs capture deterministic state dynamics…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-22 Jacob X Li , Shreyas S Raman , Jessica Wan , Fahad Samman , Jazlyn Lin

To analyze high-dimensional systems, many fields in science and engineering rely on high-level descriptions, sometimes called "macrostates," "coarse-grainings," or "effective theories". Examples of such descriptions include the…

Information Theory · Computer Science 2015-06-19 David H. Wolpert , Joshua A. Grochow , Eric Libby , Simon DeDeo

Modeling long-range dependencies in sequential data is a crucial step in sequence learning. A recently developed model, the Structured State Space (S4), demonstrated significant effectiveness in modeling long-range sequences. However, It is…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-27 Jiqun Chu , Zuoquan Lin

Transformer LMs show emergent reasoning that resists mechanistic understanding. We offer a statistical physics framework for continuous-time chain-of-thought reasoning dynamics. We model sentence-level hidden state trajectories as a…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-06-06 Jack David Carson , Amir Reisizadeh

Reasoning about complex visual scenes involves perception of entities and their relations. Scene graphs provide a natural representation for reasoning tasks, by assigning labels to both entities (nodes) and relations (edges). Unfortunately,…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2020-03-17 Moshiko Raboh , Roei Herzig , Gal Chechik , Jonathan Berant , Amir Globerson

We introduce a new version of deep state-space models (DSSMs) that combines a recurrent neural network with a state-space framework to forecast time series data. The model estimates the observed series as functions of latent variables that…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-05-20 Haoxuan Wu , David S. Matteson , Martin T. Wells

State space models (SSMs) have been shown to possess the theoretical capacity to model both star-free sequential tasks and bounded hierarchical structures Sarrof et al. (2024). However, formal expressivity results do not guarantee that…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Hongxu Zhou