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We introduce Reinforcement Learning (RL) with Adaptive Verifiable Environments (RLVE), an approach using verifiable environments that procedurally generate problems and provide algorithmically verifiable rewards, to scale up RL for language…

LLM-powered tool-calling agents fulfill user requests by interacting with environments, querying data, and invoking tools in a multi-turn process. Yet, most existing benchmarks evaluate these systems under static environment interfaces,…

Large Language Models (LLMs) deployed in agentic environments must exercise multiple capabilities across different task instances, where a capability is performing one or more actions in a trajectory that are necessary for successfully…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Hangoo Kang , Tarun Suresh , Jon Saad-Falcon , Azalia Mirhoseini

As integrated circuits have become progressively more complex, constrained random stimulus has become ubiquitous as a means of stimulating a designs functionality and ensuring it fully meets expectations. In theory, random stimulus allows…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2019-10-01 William Hughes , Sandeep Srinivasan , Rohit Suvarna , Maithilee Kulkarni

Reinforcement Learning from Verifiable Rewards (RLVR) has been widely adopted as the de facto method for enhancing the reasoning capabilities of large language models and has demonstrated notable success in verifiable domains like math and…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-24 Jeff Da , Clinton Wang , Xiang Deng , Yuntao Ma , Nikhil Barhate , Sean Hendryx

Complex Verilog Design Problems (CVDP) challenge hardware LLM agents because solving them requires localizing verifier-relevant RTL, testbenches, include paths, and build dependencies inside large repository snapshots, making precise edits,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-22 Zijian Du , Nathaniel Pinckney

Resolving real-world software engineering (SWE) issues with autonomous agents requires complex, long-horizon reasoning. Current pipelines are bottlenecked by unoptimized demonstration data, sparse execution rewards, and computationally…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-17 Hao Han , Jin Xie , Xuehao Ma , Weiquan Zhu , Ziyao Zhang , ZhiLiang Long , Hongkai Chen , Qingwen Ye

Reinforcement learning with verifiable rewards (RLVR) has driven breakthroughs in domains such as math, tool-use, and software engineering, yet its extension to computer-use agents (CUAs) has been bottlenecked by the scarcity of scalable…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Bowen Wang , Dunjie Lu , Junli Wang , Tianyi Bai , Shixuan Liu , Zhipeng Zhang , Haiquan Wang , Hao Hu , Tianbao Xie , Shuai Bai , Dayiheng Liu , Que Shen , Junyang Lin , Tao Yu

In recent years, instruction fine-tuning (IFT) on large language models (LLMs) has garnered considerable attention to enhance model performance on unseen tasks. Attempts have been made on automatic construction and effective selection for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-25 Renhao Li , Minghuan Tan , Derek F. Wong , Min Yang

The coordination of multiple autonomous agents in high-speed, competitive environments represents a significant engineering challenge. This paper presents CRUISE (Curriculum-Based Iterative Self-Play for Scalable Multi-Drone Racing), a…

Robotics · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Onur Akgün

The evolution of Large Language Models (LLMs) from static instruction-followers to autonomous agents necessitates operating within complex, stateful environments to achieve precise state-transition objectives. However, this paradigm is…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Yucheng Zeng , Weipeng Lu , Linyun Liu , Shupeng Li , Zitian Qu , Chenghao Zhu , Shaofei Li , Zhengdong Tan , Mengyue Liu , Haotian Zhao , Zhe Zhou , Jianmin Wu

Explainability is a critical factor influencing the wide deployment of deep vision models (DVMs). Concept-based post-hoc explanation methods can provide both global and local insights into model decisions. However, current methods in this…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-03-20 Wenlong Yu , Qilong Wang , Chuang Liu , Dong Li , Qinghua Hu

The assessment of safety performance plays a pivotal role in the development and deployment of connected and automated vehicles (CAVs). A common approach involves designing testing scenarios based on prior knowledge of CAVs (e.g., surrogate…

Systems and Control · Electrical Eng. & Systems 2024-03-01 Jingxuan Yang , Ruoxuan Bai , Haoyuan Ji , Yi Zhang , Jianming Hu , Shuo Feng

Autonomous multi-agent systems such as hospital robots and package delivery drones often operate in highly uncertain environments and are expected to achieve complex temporal task objectives while ensuring safety. While learning-based…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2024-11-19 Sheryl Paul , Anand Balakrishnan , Xin Qin , Jyotirmoy V. Deshmukh

Training generalist agents capable of adapting to diverse scenarios requires interactive environments for self-exploration. However, interactive environments remain critically scarce, and existing synthesis methods suffer from significant…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Dunwei Tu , Hongyan Hao , Hansi Yang , Yihao Chen , Yi-Kai Zhang , Zhikang Xia , Yu Yang , Yueqing Sun , Xingchen Liu , Furao Shen , Qi Gu , Hui Su , Xunliang Cai

Accurate net load forecasting is vital for energy planning, aiding decisions on trade and load distribution. However, assessing the performance of forecasting models across diverse input variables, like temperature and humidity, remains…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Kaustav Bhattacharjee , Soumya Kundu , Indrasis Chakraborty , Aritra Dasgupta

Online reinforcement learning (RL) with sparse rewards poses a challenge partly because of the lack of feedback on states leading to the goal. Furthermore, expert offline data with reward signal is rarely available to provide this feedback…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Nitish Dashora , Dibya Ghosh , Sergey Levine

Large language model based agents are increasingly deployed in complex, tool augmented environments. While reinforcement learning provides a principled mechanism for such agents to improve through interaction, its effectiveness critically…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-04 Shinji Mai , Yunpeng Zhai , Ziqian Chen , Cheng Chen , Anni Zou , Shuchang Tao , Zhaoyang Liu , Bolin Ding

Intelligent tutoring agents powered by large language models (LLMs) have been increasingly explored to deliver personalized knowledge in areas such as language learning and science education. However, their capabilities in guiding users to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-27 Jian Wang , Yinpei Dai , Yichi Zhang , Ziqiao Ma , Wenjie Li , Joyce Chai

AI agents dynamically acquire tools, orchestrate sub-agents, and transact across organizational boundaries, yet no existing security layer verifies what an agent can do, whether it executed what it claims, or what happened in a multi-agent…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-03-23 Ziling Zhou
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