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We introduce the Constraint-Enhanced Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (CE-QAOA), a shallow, constraint-aware ansatz that operates inside the one-hot product space [n]^m, where m is the number of blocks and each block is…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Chinonso Onah , Roman Firt , Kristel Michielsen

The Quantum Alternating Operator Ansatz (QAOA) represents a branch of quantum algorithms for solving combinatorial optimization problems. A specific variant, the Grover-Mixer Quantum Alternating Operator Ansatz (GM-QAOA), ensures uniform…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-05-27 Ningyi Xie , Jiahua Xu , Tiejin Chen , Xinwei Lee , Yoshiyuki Saito , Nobuyoshi Asai , Dongsheng Cai

The ability of the Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) to deliver a quantum advantage on combinatorial optimization problems is still unclear. Recently, a scaling advantage over a classical solver was postulated to exist for…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-12-02 Thorge Müller , Ajainderpal Singh , Frank K. Wilhelm , Tim Bode

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a quantum heuristic for combinatorial optimization that has been demonstrated to scale better than state-of-the-art classical solvers for some problems. For a given problem instance,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-23 Tianyi Hao , Zichang He , Ruslan Shaydulin , Jeffrey Larson , Marco Pistoia

Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) is one of the most promising quantum heuristics for combinatorial optimization. While QAOA has been shown to perform well on small-scale instances and to provide an asymptotic speedup over…

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is known for its capability and universality in solving combinatorial optimization problems on near-term quantum devices. The results yielded by QAOA depend strongly on its initial…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-09-29 Xinwei Lee , Ningyi Xie , Yoshiyuki Saito , Dongsheng Cai , Nobuyoshi Asai

We present a quantum alternating operator ansatz (QAOA$^+$) that solves a class of linearly constrained optimization problems by evolving a quantum state within a Hilbert subspace of feasible problem solutions. Our main focus is on a class…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-09-30 Brayden Goldstein-Gelb , Phillip C. Lotshaw

An enhanced framework of quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is introduced and the parameter setting strategies are analyzed. The enhanced QAOA is as effective as the QAOA but exhibits greater computing power and flexibility,…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2020-12-18 Mingyou Wu , Zhihao Liu , Hanwu Chen

We introduce a novel quantum optimization paradigm: the Fixed-Parameter-Count Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (FPC-QAOA). It is a scalable variational framework that maintains a constant number of trainable parameters regardless…

We study fundamental limitations of the generic Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) on constrained problems where valid solutions form a low dimensional manifold inside the Boolean hypercube, and we present a provable route to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-30 Chinonso Onah , Kristel Michielsen

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm, also known in its generalization as the quantum alternating operator ansatz, (QAOA) is a heuristic hybrid quantum-classical algorithm for finding high-quality approximate solutions to…

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm, QAOA, uses a shallow depth quantum circuit to produce a parameter dependent state. For a given combinatorial optimization problem instance, the quantum expectation of the associated cost…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2018-12-12 Fernando G. S. L. Brandao , Michael Broughton , Edward Farhi , Sam Gutmann , Hartmut Neven

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a hybrid quantum-classical algorithm for solving combinatorial optimization problems. Multi-angle QAOA (MA-QAOA), which assigns independent parameters to each Hamiltonian operator…

Constrained combinatorial optimization with strict linear constraints underpins applications in drug discovery, power grids, logistics, and finance, yet remains computationally demanding for classical algorithms, especially at large scales.…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-07 Yajie Hao , Qiming Ding , Xiao Yuan , Xiaoting Wang

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) has numerous promising applications in solving the combinatorial optimization problems on near-term Noisy Intermediate Scalable Quantum (NISQ) devices. QAOA has a quantum-classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-17 Xinwei Lee , Yoshiyuki Saito , Dongsheng Cai , Nobuyoshi Asai

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) generates an approximate solution to combinatorial optimization problems using a variational ansatz circuit defined by parameterized layers of quantum evolution. In theory, the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-09-24 Rebekah Herrman , Phillip C. Lotshaw , James Ostrowski , Travis S. Humble , George Siopsis

The quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA) is a promising quantum-classical hybrid technique to solve combinatorial optimization problems in near-term gate-based noisy quantum devices. In QAOA, the objective is a function of the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-07-24 Mahabubul Alam , Abdullah Ash-Saki , Swaroop Ghosh

Despite much recent work, the true promise and limitations of the Quantum Alternating Operator Ansatz (QAOA) are unclear. A critical question regarding QAOA is to what extent its performance scales with the input size of the problem…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-12-07 John Golden , Andreas Bärtschi , Stephan Eidenbenz , Daniel O'Malley

The Quantum Approximate Optimization Algorithm (QAOA) uses a quantum computer to implement a variational method with $2p$ layers of alternating unitary operators, optimized by a classical computer to minimize a cost function. While rigorous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-11-19 Raimel A. Medina , Maksym Serbyn

Variational quantum algorithms are believed to be promising for solving computationally hard problems and are often comprised of repeated layers of quantum gates. An example thereof is the quantum approximate optimization algorithm (QAOA),…

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