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Decoders that provide an estimate of the probability of a logical failure conditioned on the error syndrome ("soft-output decoders") can reduce the overhead cost of fault-tolerant quantum memory and computation. In this work, we construct…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-06-04 Nadine Meister , Christopher A. Pattison , John Preskill

Mid-circuit measurements are a major bottleneck for superconducting quantum processors because they are slower and noisier than gates. Measurement-free quantum error correction (mfec) replaces repeated measurements and classical…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-01-21 GunSik Min , IlKwon Sohn , Jun Heo

Quantum error correction becomes a practical possibility only if the physical error rate is below a threshold value that depends on a particular quantum code, syndrome measurement circuit, and decoding algorithm. Here we present an…

Performing large calculations with a quantum computer will likely require a fault-tolerant architecture based on quantum error-correcting codes. The challenge is to design practical quantum error-correcting codes that perform well against…

Quantum hardware rarely suffers equal amounts of bit-flip ($X$) and phase-flip ($Z$) errors; one type is often much more common than the other. A code that is ``bias-tailored'' can exploit this imbalance, lowering the fault-tolerance…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-07-04 Shixin Wu , Todd A. Brun , Daniel A. Lidar

Qubit shuttling has become an indispensable ingredient for scaling leading quantum computing platforms, including semiconductor spin, neutral-atom, and trapped-ion qubits, enabling both crosstalk reduction and tighter integration of control…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-16 Zhu Sun , Zhenyu Cai

Error correcting codes use multi-qubit measurements to realize fault-tolerant quantum logic steps. In fact, the resources needed to scale-up fault-tolerant quantum computing hardware are largely set by this task. Tailoring next-generation…

Quantum computers hold the promise of solving computational problems which are intractable using conventional methods. For fault-tolerant operation quantum computers must correct errors occurring due to unavoidable decoherence and limited…

High-fidelity decoding of quantum error correction codes relies on an accurate experimental model of the physical errors occurring in the device. Because error probabilities can depend on the context of the applied operations, the error…

The hypergraph product creates a quantum stabilizer code from two input classical linear codes; a paradigmatic example being the surface code as a hypergraph product of two classical repetition codes. Many properties of the hypergraph…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-05-13 Aarav Pabla , Yu-Xin Wang , Yifan Hong

Quantum error correction (QEC) is one of the crucial building blocks for developing quantum computers that have significant potential for reaching a quantum advantage in applications. Prominent candidates for QEC are stabilizer codes for…

Modular architectures are a promising approach to scaling quantum computers to fault tolerance. Small, low-noise quantum processors connected through relatively noisy quantum links are capable of fault-tolerant operation as long as the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-16 Trond Hjerpekjøn Haug , Timo Hillmann , Anton Frisk Kockum , Raphaël Van Laer

We consider a topological stabilizer code on a honeycomb grid, the "XYZ$^2$" code. The code is inspired by the Kitaev honeycomb model and is a simple realization of a "matching code" discussed by Wootton [J. Phys. A: Math. Theor. 48, 215302…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-05-04 Basudha Srivastava , Anton Frisk Kockum , Mats Granath

The surface code is a powerful quantum error correcting code that can be defined on a 2-D square lattice of qubits with only nearest neighbor interactions. Syndrome and data qubits form a checkerboard pattern. Information about errors is…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2010-11-24 Austin G. Fowler , David S. Wang , Lloyd C. L. Hollenberg

Bias-tailored codes such as the XZZX surface code and the domain wall color code achieve high dephasing-biased thresholds because, in the infinite-bias limit, their $Z$ syndromes decouple into one-dimensional repetition-like chains; the…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-24 Mohammad Rowshan

Quantum error correction is needed for quantum computers to be capable of fault-tolerantly executing algorithms using hundreds of logical qubits. Recent experiments have demonstrated subthreshold error rates for state preservation of a…

Fault-tolerant quantum error correction is essential for implementing quantum algorithms of significant practical importance. In this work, we propose a highly effective use of the surface-GKP code, i.e., the surface code consisting of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-02-01 Kyungjoo Noh , Christopher Chamberland , Fernando G. S. L. Brandão

Quantum error correction (QEC) is essential for scalable quantum computing, yet repeated syndrome-measurement cycles dominate its spacetime and hardware cost. Although stabilizers commute and admit many valid execution orders, different…

Emerging Technologies · Computer Science 2026-02-06 Yuhao Liu , Shuohao Ping , Junyu Zhou , Ethan Decker , Justin Kalloor , Mathias Weiden , Kean Chen , Yunong Shi , Ali Javadi-Abhari , Costin Iancu , Gushu Li

Spin qubits in semiconductor structures bring the promise of large-scale 2D integration, with the possibility to incorporate the control electronics on the same chip. In order to perform error correction on this platform, the characteristic…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2024-07-10 Bence Hetényi , James R. Wootton

We numerically study coherent errors in surface codes on planar graphs, focusing on noise of the form of $Z$- or $X$-rotations of individual qubits. We find that, similarly to the case of incoherent bit- and phase-flips, a trade-off between…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2021-01-04 F. Venn , B. Béri