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Graph machine learning has been extensively studied in both academia and industry. Although booming with a vast number of emerging methods and techniques, most of the literature is built on the in-distribution hypothesis, i.e., testing and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-02 Haoyang Li , Xin Wang , Ziwei Zhang , Wenwu Zhu

Out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization has emerged as a significant challenge in graph recommender systems. Traditional graph neural network algorithms often fail because they learn spurious environmental correlations instead of stable…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-25 Jiahao Liang , Haoran Yang , Xiangyu Zhao , Zhiwen Yu , Mianjie Li , Chuan Shi , Kaixiang Yang

Distribution shifts between training and testing datasets significantly impair the model performance on graph learning. A commonly-taken causal view in graph invariant learning suggests that stable predictive features of graphs are causally…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Bohan Wang , Yurui Chang , Wei Jin , Lu Lin

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have been demonstrated to perform well in graph representation learning, but always lacking in generalization capability when tackling out-of-distribution (OOD) data. Graph invariant learning methods, backed by…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-19 Tianrui Jia , Haoyang Li , Cheng Yang , Tao Tao , Chuan Shi

Dynamic graph neural networks (DyGNNs) have demonstrated powerful predictive abilities by exploiting graph structural and temporal dynamics. However, the existing DyGNNs fail to handle distribution shifts, which naturally exist in dynamic…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-11 Zeyang Zhang , Xin Wang , Ziwei Zhang , Haoyang Li , Wenwu Zhu

Out-of-distribution (OOD) detection poses a significant challenge for Graph Neural Networks (GNNs), particularly in open-world scenarios with varying distribution shifts. Most existing OOD detection methods on graphs primarily focus on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-24 Zhixia He , Chen Zhao , Minglai Shao , Yujie Lin , Dong Li , Qin Tian

The existing methods learn geographic network representations through deep graph neural networks (GNNs) based on the i.i.d. assumption. However, the spatial heterogeneity and temporal dynamics of geographic data make the out-of-distribution…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-03-26 Yuhan Wang , Silu He , Qinyao Luo , Hongyuan Yuan , Ling Zhao , Jiawei Zhu , Haifeng Li

Out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization remains a fundamental challenge in real-world classification, where test distributions often differ substantially from training data. Most existing approaches pursue domain-invariant representations,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Chen Cheng , Ang Li

Graph Neural Networks (GNNs) are proposed without considering the agnostic distribution shifts between training and testing graphs, inducing the degeneration of the generalization ability of GNNs on Out-Of-Distribution (OOD) settings. The…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-12 Shaohua Fan , Xiao Wang , Chuan Shi , Peng Cui , Bai Wang

We tackle the problem of graph out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization. Existing graph OOD algorithms either rely on restricted assumptions or fail to exploit environment information in training data. In this work, we propose to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-11-02 Shurui Gui , Meng Liu , Xiner Li , Youzhi Luo , Shuiwang Ji

Out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization deals with the prevalent learning scenario where test distribution shifts from training distribution. With rising application demands and inherent complexity, graph OOD problems call for specialized…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-06 Xiner Li , Shurui Gui , Youzhi Luo , Shuiwang Ji

Out-Of-Distribution (OOD) generalization has gained increasing attentions for machine learning on graphs, as graph neural networks (GNNs) often exhibit performance degradation under distribution shifts. Existing graph OOD methods tend to…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-12 Henan Sun , Xunkai Li , Lei Zhu , Junyi Han , Guang Zeng , Ronghua Li , Guoren Wang

Graph neural networks (GNNs) have achieved impressive performance when testing and training graph data come from identical distribution. However, existing GNNs lack out-of-distribution generalization abilities so that their performance…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-12-15 Haoyang Li , Xin Wang , Ziwei Zhang , Wenwu Zhu

The open-world test dataset is often mixed with out-of-distribution (OOD) samples, where the deployed models will struggle to make accurate predictions. Traditional detection methods need to trade off OOD detection and in-distribution (ID)…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-04-25 Xu Shen , Yili Wang , Kaixiong Zhou , Shirui Pan , Xin Wang

Graph machine learning (GML) has been successfully applied across a wide range of tasks. Nonetheless, GML faces significant challenges in generalizing over out-of-distribution (OOD) data, which raises concerns about its wider applicability.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-17 Jing Ma

Graph Out-of-Distribution (OOD), requiring that models trained on biased data generalize to the unseen test data, has considerable real-world applications. One of the most mainstream methods is to extract the invariant subgraph by aligning…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-23 Xuexin Chen , Ruichu Cai , Kaitao Zheng , Zhifan Jiang , Zhengting Huang , Zhifeng Hao , Zijian Li

To deal with distribution shifts in graph data, various graph out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization techniques have been recently proposed. These methods often employ a two-step strategy that first creates augmented environments and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-01-09 Song Wang , Xiaodong Yang , Rashidul Islam , Huiyuan Chen , Minghua Xu , Jundong Li , Yiwei Cai

There is increasing evidence suggesting neural networks' sensitivity to distribution shifts, so that research on out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization comes into the spotlight. Nonetheless, current endeavors mostly focus on Euclidean…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-19 Qitian Wu , Hengrui Zhang , Junchi Yan , David Wipf

Out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization on graphs aims at dealing with scenarios where the test graph distribution differs from the training graph distributions. Compared to i.i.d. data like images, the OOD generalization problem on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-13 Song Wang , Zhen Tan , Yaochen Zhu , Chuxu Zhang , Jundong Li

In this work, we investigate the problem of out-of-distribution (OOD) generalization for unsupervised learning methods on graph data. This scenario is particularly challenging because graph neural networks (GNNs) have been shown to be…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-08-03 Yun Zhu , Haizhou Shi , Zhenshuo Zhang , Siliang Tang