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Model quantization reduces neural network parameter precision to achieve compression, but often compromises accuracy. Existing post-training quantization (PTQ) methods employ iterative parameter updates to preserve accuracy under high…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-09-09 Zekang Zheng , Haokun Li , Yaofo Chen , Mingkui Tan , Qing Du

Deep neural networks, while achieving remarkable success across diverse tasks, demand significant resources, including computation, GPU memory, bandwidth, storage, and energy. Network quantization, as a standard compression and acceleration…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-07-09 Minghao Fu , Hao Yu , Jie Shao , Junjie Zhou , Ke Zhu , Jianxin Wu

Large language models (LLMs) are crucial in modern natural language processing and artificial intelligence. However, they face challenges in managing their significant memory requirements. Although quantization-aware training (QAT) offers a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Mengzhao Chen , Wenqi Shao , Peng Xu , Jiahao Wang , Peng Gao , Kaipeng Zhang , Ping Luo

Weight quantization is used to deploy high-performance deep learning models on resource-limited hardware, enabling the use of low-precision integers for storage and computation. Spiking neural networks (SNNs) share the goal of enhancing…

Neural and Evolutionary Computing · Computer Science 2024-05-01 Sreyes Venkatesh , Razvan Marinescu , Jason K. Eshraghian

The growing use of large language models has raised environmental and economic concerns about their intensity of resource usage during inference. Serving these models to each user requires substantial energy and water for cooling. Model…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-31 Deyu Cao , Samin Aref

With the development of mobile and edge computing, the demand for low-bit quantized models on edge devices is increasing to achieve efficient deployment. To enhance the performance, it is often necessary to retrain the quantized models…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-25 Yujia Tong , Jingling Yuan , Chuang Hu

Efficient inference is critical for deploying deep learning models on edge AI devices. Low-bit quantization (e.g., 3- and 4-bit) with fixed-point arithmetic improves efficiency, while low-power memory technologies like analog nonvolatile…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-07-15 Anmol Biswas , Raghav Singhal , Sivakumar Elangovan , Shreyas Sabnis , Udayan Ganguly

Quantization-aware training (QAT) and Knowledge Distillation (KD) are combined to achieve competitive performance in creating low-bit deep learning models. Existing KD and QAT works focus on improving the accuracy of quantized models from…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-05 Justin Kur , Kaiqi Zhao

Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) and Quantization-Aware Training (QAT) represent two mainstream model quantization approaches. However, PTQ often leads to unacceptable performance degradation in quantized models, while QAT imposes…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-08-18 Xinhao Wang , Zhiwei Lin , Zhongyu Xia , Yongtao Wang

Deploying Deep Neural Networks in low-power embedded devices for real time-constrained applications requires optimization of memory and computational complexity of the networks, usually by quantizing the weights. Most of the existing works…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-11 Dominika Przewlocka-Rus , Syed Shakib Sarwar , H. Ekin Sumbul , Yuecheng Li , Barbara De Salvo

Improving the efficiency of inference in Large Language Models (LLMs) is a critical area of research. Post-training Quantization (PTQ) is a popular technique, but it often faces challenges at low-bit levels, particularly in downstream…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-04-15 Wenjin Ke , Zhe Li , Dong Li , Lu Tian , Emad Barsoum

Large language models (LLMs) have shown remarkable performance in various domains, but they are constrained by massive computational and storage costs. Quantization, an effective technique for compressing models to fit resource-limited…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-14 Han Liu , Haotian Gao , Xiaotong Zhang , Changya Li , Feng Zhang , Wei Wang , Fenglong Ma , Hong Yu

Neural network quantization aims to transform high-precision weights and activations of a given neural network into low-precision weights/activations for reduced memory usage and computation, while preserving the performance of the original…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-07-05 Geon Park , Jaehong Yoon , Haiyang Zhang , Xing Zhang , Sung Ju Hwang , Yonina C. Eldar

Attention-based models have demonstrated remarkable success in various natural language understanding tasks. However, efficient execution remains a challenge for these models which are memory-bound due to their massive number of parameters.…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-03-25 Ali Hadi Zadeh , Isak Edo , Omar Mohamed Awad , Andreas Moshovos

This paper presents a comprehensive analysis of quantization techniques for optimizing Large Language Models (LLMs), specifically focusing on Post-Training Quantization (PTQ) and Quantization-Aware Training (QAT). Through empirical…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-11-12 Jahid Hasan

Quantization-aware training (QAT) is a representative model compression method to reduce redundancy in weights and activations. However, most existing QAT methods require end-to-end training on the entire dataset, which suffers from long…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Xijie Huang , Zechun Liu , Shih-Yang Liu , Kwang-Ting Cheng

Quantization-aware training (QAT) starts with a pre-trained full-precision model and performs quantization during retraining. However, existing QAT works require supervision from the labels and they suffer from accuracy loss due to reduced…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-09-26 Kaiqi Zhao , Ming Zhao

This paper proposes a novel matrix quantization method, Binary Quadratic Quantization (BQQ). In contrast to conventional first-order quantization approaches, such as uniform quantization and binary coding quantization, that approximate…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2025-10-22 Kyo Kuroki , Yasuyuki Okoshi , Thiem Van Chu , Kazushi Kawamura , Masato Motomura

Processing-in-memory (PIM), an increasingly studied neuromorphic hardware, promises orders of energy and throughput improvements for deep learning inference. Leveraging the massively parallel and efficient analog computing inside memories,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-09-20 Qing Jin , Zhiyu Chen , Jian Ren , Yanyu Li , Yanzhi Wang , Kaiyuan Yang

Quantization has become a predominant approach for model compression, enabling deployment of large models trained on GPUs onto smaller form-factor devices for inference. Quantization-aware training (QAT) optimizes model parameters with…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2022-12-13 Zheng Wang , Juncheng B Li , Shuhui Qu , Florian Metze , Emma Strubell