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Safety evaluation for advanced AI systems assumes that behavior observed under evaluation predicts behavior in deployment. This assumption weakens for agents with situational awareness, which may exploit regime leakage, cues distinguishing…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Igor Santos-Grueiro

Modern large-scale Pre-trained Language Models (PLMs) have achieved tremendous success on a wide range of downstream tasks. However, most of the LM pre-training objectives only focus on text reconstruction, but have not sought to learn…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-10-28 Liliang Ren , Zixuan Zhang , Han Wang , Clare R. Voss , Chengxiang Zhai , Heng Ji

Reinforcement Learning (RL) has emerged as a powerful paradigm for training LLM-based agents, yet remains limited by low sample efficiency, stemming not only from sparse outcome feedback but also from the agent's inability to leverage prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-03-19 Dilxat Muhtar , Jiashun Liu , Wei Gao , Weixun Wang , Shaopan Xiong , Ju Huang , Siran Yang , Wenbo Su , Jiamang Wang , Ling Pan , Bo Zheng

Aligned large language models (LLMs) demonstrate exceptional capabilities in task-solving, following instructions, and ensuring safety. However, the continual learning aspect of these aligned LLMs has been largely overlooked. Existing…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Xiao Wang , Yuansen Zhang , Tianze Chen , Songyang Gao , Senjie Jin , Xianjun Yang , Zhiheng Xi , Rui Zheng , Yicheng Zou , Tao Gui , Qi Zhang , Xuanjing Huang

Code Large Language Models (Code LLMs) have opened a new era in programming with their impressive capabilities. However, recent research has revealed critical limitations in their ability to reason about runtime behavior and understand the…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2025-09-25 Jian Wang , Xiaofei Xie , Qiang Hu , Shangqing Liu , Yi Li

With the continuous advancement of Large Language Models (LLMs), intelligent agents are becoming increasingly vital. However, these agents often fail in environments governed by implicit rules--hidden constraints that cannot be observed…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Wentong Chen , Xin Cong , Zhong Zhang , Yaxi Lu , Siyuan Zhao , Yesai Wu , Qinyu Luo , Haotian Chen , Yankai Lin , Zhiyuan Liu , Maosong Sun

Reinforcement learning works best when the impact of the agent's actions on its environment can be perfectly simulated or fully appraised from available data. Some systems are however both hard to simulate and very sensitive to small…

Trading and Market Microstructure · Quantitative Finance 2025-01-30 Vincent Ragel , Damien Challet

Recurrent meta reinforcement learning (meta-RL) agents are agents that employ a recurrent neural network (RNN) for the purpose of "learning a learning algorithm". After being trained on a pre-specified task distribution, the learned weights…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-05-03 Safa Alver , Doina Precup

Object permanence in psychology means knowing that objects still exist even if they are no longer visible. It is a crucial concept for robots to operate autonomously in uncontrolled environments. Existing approaches learn object permanence…

Robotics · Computer Science 2021-10-04 Ying Siu Liang , Chen Zhang , Dongkyu Choi , Kenneth Kwok

Recently several deep learning based models have been proposed for end-to-end learning of dialogs. While these models can be trained from data without the need for any additional annotations, it is hard to interpret them. On the other hand,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2018-11-05 Dhiraj Madan , Dinesh Raghu , Gaurav Pandey , Sachindra Joshi

Continual learning (CL) enables the development of models and agents that learn from a sequence of tasks while addressing the limitations of standard deep learning approaches, such as catastrophic forgetting. In this work, we investigate…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-05-19 Massimo Caccia , Jonas Mueller , Taesup Kim , Laurent Charlin , Rasool Fakoor

Large Language Models (LLMs) agents are increasingly pivotal for addressing complex tasks in interactive environments. Existing work mainly focuses on enhancing performance through behavior cloning from stronger experts, yet such approaches…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-03-25 Siyu Yuan , Zehui Chen , Zhiheng Xi , Junjie Ye , Zhengyin Du , Jiecao Chen

State-space models (SSMs) and transformers dominate the language modeling landscape. However, they are constrained to a lower computational complexity than classical recurrent neural networks (RNNs), limiting their expressivity. In…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-13 Mark Schöne , Babak Rahmani , Heiner Kremer , Fabian Falck , Hitesh Ballani , Jannes Gladrow

Model-based reinforcement learning (RL) has shown great promise due to its sample efficiency, but still struggles with long-horizon sparse-reward tasks, especially in offline settings where the agent learns from a fixed dataset. We…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-17 Rohan Chitnis , Yingchen Xu , Bobak Hashemi , Lucas Lehnert , Urun Dogan , Zheqing Zhu , Olivier Delalleau

Real-world decision-making tasks are usually partially observable Markov decision processes (POMDPs), where the state is not fully observable. Recent progress has demonstrated that recurrent reinforcement learning (RL), which consists of a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-05-27 Fan-Ming Luo , Zuolin Tu , Zefang Huang , Yang Yu

Large language models (LLMs) have been increasingly used to interact with external environments (e.g., games, compilers, APIs) as goal-driven agents. However, it remains challenging for these language agents to quickly and efficiently learn…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2023-10-11 Noah Shinn , Federico Cassano , Edward Berman , Ashwin Gopinath , Karthik Narasimhan , Shunyu Yao

Language models (LMs) often generate incoherent outputs: they refer to events and entity states that are incompatible with the state of the world described in their inputs. We introduce SituationSupervision, a family of approaches for…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2022-12-21 Belinda Z. Li , Maxwell Nye , Jacob Andreas

Scaling laws have transformed our understanding of large language models by linking upstream metrics like cross-entropy loss to design factors such as model size, training data, and compute. However, these conventional laws fail to capture…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-10-17 Kyle Montgomery , David Park , Jianhong Tu , Michael Bendersky , Beliz Gunel , Dawn Song , Chenguang Wang

Register-Transfer Level (RTL) verification is a primary bottleneck, consuming 60-70% of development time. While Large Language Models (LLMs) show promise for RTL automation, their performance and research focus have overwhelmingly centered…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-12-10 Yujie Zhao , Zhijing Wu , Boqin Yuan , Zhongming Yu , Hejia Zhang , Wentao Ni , Chia-Tung Ho , Haoxing Ren , Jishen Zhao

Many efforts have been devoted to training generative latent variable models with autoregressive decoders, such as recurrent neural networks (RNN). Stochastic recurrent models have been successful in capturing the variability observed in…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2017-11-17 Anirudh Goyal , Alessandro Sordoni , Marc-Alexandre Côté , Nan Rosemary Ke , Yoshua Bengio