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Distributed quantum networks are not merely information conduits but intricate systems that embody the principles of quantum mechanics. In our study, we examine the underlying mechanisms of quantum connectivity within a distributed…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-03-07 Mst Shapna Akter , Md. Shazzad Hossain Shaon , Tasmin Karim , Md. Fahim Sultan , Emran Kanaan

The complexity of large-scale 6G-and-beyond networks demands innovative approaches for multi-objective optimization over vast search spaces, a task often intractable. Quantum computing (QC) emerges as a promising technology for efficient…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2025-09-10 Sebastian Macaluso , Giovanni Geraci , Elías F. Combarro , Sergi Abadal , Ioannis Arapakis , Sofia Vallecorsa , Eduard Alarcón

This study explores an approach to routing in quantum networks, which targets practical scenarios for quantum networks, mirroring real-world classical networks. By addressing practical constraints, we examine the impact of heterogeneous…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-22 Vinay Kumar , Claudio Cicconetti , Marco Conti , Andrea Passarella

Optimal routing is a fundamental challenge in quantum networking, with several approaches proposed to identify the most efficient path for end-to-end (e2e) entanglement generation between pairs of nodes. In this paper, we show that…

A quantum network promises to enable long distance quantum communication, and assemble small quantum devices into a large quantum computing cluster. Each network node can thereby be seen as a small few qubit quantum computer. Qubits can be…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2016-10-18 Eddie Schoute , Laura Mancinska , Tanvirul Islam , Iordanis Kerenidis , Stephanie Wehner

We present a static framework for analysing quantum routing protocols that we call the \textit{cost-vector formalism}. Here, quantum networks are recast as multi-graphs where edges represent two-qubit entanglement resources that…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-11-04 Hudson Leone , Nathaniel R. Miller , Deepesh Singh , Nathan K. Langford , Peter P. Rohde

The problem of scheduling in quantum networks amounts to choosing which entanglement swapping operations to perform to better serve user demand. The choice can be carried out following a variety of criteria (e.g. ensuring all users are…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-10-08 Paolo Fittipaldi

We define a nature-inspired model for entanglement optimization in the quantum Internet. The optimization model aims to maximize the entanglement fidelity and relative entropy of entanglement for the entangled connections of the entangled…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-09-04 Laszlo Gyongyosi , Sandor Imre

Quantum repeater networks distribute entanglement over lossy links while many users share a limited pool of entangled pairs. Most existing routing schemes either always use a single best path or rely on global optimizations that are hard to…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-31 Ankit Mishra , Kang Hao Cheong

Future quantum networks will enable the interconnection of multiple users distributed across vast geographic distances. Due to these large separations and limited physical resources, communication will often rely on multi-path routing…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2025-08-05 Nicolò Lo Piparo , William J. Munro , Kae Nemoto

Modern communication networks are increasingly equipped with in-network computational capabilities and services. Routing in such networks is significantly more complicated than the traditional routing. A legitimate route for a flow not only…

Networking and Internet Architecture · Computer Science 2023-06-07 Lifan Mei , Jinrui Gou , Jingrui Yang , Yujin Cai , Yong Liu

Quantum repeaters have promised efficient scaling of quantum networks for over two decades. Despite numerous platforms proclaiming functional repeaters, the realization of large-scale networks remains elusive, indicating that the resources…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-02-27 Manik Dawar , Ralf Riedinger , Nilesh Vyas , Paulo Mendes

Motivated by recent progress in quantum hardware and algorithms researchers have developed quantum heuristics for optimization problems, aiming for advantages over classical methods. To date, quantum hardware is still error-prone and…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-27 Friedrich Wagner , Frauke Liers

Quantum networks are becoming increasingly important because of advancements in quantum computing and quantum sensing, such as recent developments in distributed quantum computing and federated quantum machine learning. Routing entanglement…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-04-13 Tobias Meuser , Jannis Weil , Aninda Lahiri , Marius Paraschiv

Transport network vulnerability analysis plays a crucial role in safeguarding urban resilience. Traditional vulnerability identification approaches have provided valuable insights, yet they face two major limitations. First, the number of…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2026-04-06 Junxiang Xu , Chence Niu , Divya Jayakumar Nair , Vinayak Dixit

Distributing entanglement among multiple users is a fundamental problem in quantum networks, requiring an efficient solution. In this work, a protocol is proposed for extracting maximally entangled (GHZn) states for any number of parties in…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2022-11-15 Vaisakh Mannalath , Anirban Pathak

The topology of classical networks is determined by physical links between nodes, and after a network request the links are used to establish the desired connections. Quantum networks offer the possibility to generate different kinds of…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2023-02-15 Jorge Miguel-Ramiro , Alexander Pirker , Wolfgang Dür

Quantum entanglement is a crucial element of establishing the entangled network structure of the quantum Internet. Here we define a method to achieve controlled entanglement access in the quantum Internet. The proposed model defines…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2019-05-02 Laszlo Gyongyosi , Sandor Imre

Quantum networks will be able to service consumers with long-distance entanglement by use of quantum repeaters that generate Bell pairs (or links) with their neighbors, iid with probability $p$ and perform Bell State Measurements (BSMs) on…

Quantum networks rely on high-fidelity entanglement links, but achieving target fidelity often increases latency and Bell pair consumption due to purification. This paper proposes a cost-based scheduler that jointly optimizes path selection…

Quantum Physics · Physics 2026-03-04 Gongyu Ni , Holger Claussen , Lester Ho