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Unblinded sample size re-estimation (SSR) is often planned in a clinical trial when there is large uncertainty about the true treatment effect. For Proof-of Concept (PoC) in a Phase II dose finding study, contrast test can be adopted to…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-11-11 Qingyang Liu , Guanyu Hu , Binqi Ye , Susan Wang , Yaoshi Wu

In recent years, power analysis has become widely used in applied sciences, with the increasing importance of the replicability issue. When distribution-free methods, such as Partial Least Squares (PLS)-based approaches, are considered,…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-03-18 Angela Andreella , Livio Fino , Bruno Scarpa , Matteo Stocchero

Despite its importance to experimental design, statistical power (the probability that, given a real effect, an experiment will reject the null hypothesis) has largely been ignored by the NLP community. Underpowered experiments make it more…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2020-10-15 Dallas Card , Peter Henderson , Urvashi Khandelwal , Robin Jia , Kyle Mahowald , Dan Jurafsky

Hybrid studies allow investigators to simultaneously study an intervention effectiveness outcome and an implementation research outcome. In particular, type 2 hybrid studies support research that places equal importance on both outcomes…

We consider a semiparametric generalized linear model and study estimation of both marginal and quantile effects in this model. We propose an approximate maximum likelihood estimator, and rigorously establish the consistency, the asymptotic…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-04-06 Seong-ho Lee , Yanyuan Ma , Elvezio Ronchetti

Relating a set of variables X to a response y is crucial in chemometrics. A quantitative prediction objective can be enriched by qualitative data interpretation, for instance by locating the most influential features. When high-dimensional…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-04-21 Louna Alsouki , Laurent Duval , Clément Marteau , Rami El Haddad , François Wahl

A significant hurdle for analyzing large sample data is the lack of effective statistical computing and inference methods. An emerging powerful approach for analyzing large sample data is subsampling, by which one takes a random subsample…

Methodology · Statistics 2015-11-24 Rong Zhu , Ping Ma , Michael W. Mahoney , Bin Yu

Estimating the effective sample size (ESS) of a prior distribution is an age-old yet pivotal challenge, with great implications for clinical trials and various biomedical applications. Although numerous endeavors have been dedicated to this…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-07-23 Han Wang , Yan Dora Zhang , Guosheng Yin

Likelihood methods for measuring statistical evidence obey the likelihood principle while maintaining bounded and well-controlled frequency properties. These methods lend themselves to sequential study designs because they measure the…

Methodology · Statistics 2017-11-07 Jeffrey D Blume , Leena Choi

Neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer's and Parkinson's often exhibit complex, multivariate longitudinal outcomes that require advanced statistical methods to comprehensively evaluate treatment efficacy. The Longitudinal Rank Sum…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-02-12 Dhrubajyoti Ghosh , Xiaoming Xu , Sheng Luo

Power analyses are an important aspect of experimental design, because they help determine how experiments are implemented in practice. It is common to specify a desired level of power and compute the sample size necessary to obtain that…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-12-09 Zach Branson , Xinran Li , Peng Ding

Trials enroll a large number of subjects in order to attain power, making them expensive and time-consuming. Sample size calculations are often performed with the assumption of an unadjusted analysis, even if the trial analysis plan…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-07-06 Alejandro Schuler

We study instrumental-variable designs where policy reforms strongly shift the distribution of an endogenous variable but only weakly move its mean. We formalize this by introducing distributional relevance: instruments may be purely…

Econometrics · Economics 2026-02-12 Rowan Cherodian , Guy Tchuente

The log-normal distribution is one of the most common distributions used for modeling skewed and positive data. It frequently arises in many disciplines of science, specially in the biological and medical sciences. The statistical analysis…

Methodology · Statistics 2020-01-01 Ayanendranath Basu , Abhijit Mandal , Nirian Martin , Leandro Pardo

Research often necessitates of samples, yet obtaining large enough samples is not always possible. When it is, the researcher may use one of two methods for deciding upon the required sample size: rules-of-thumb, quick yet uncertain, and…

Methodology · Statistics 2016-04-08 Jose D. Perezgonzalez

To date, the analysis of high-dimensional, computationally expensive engineering models remains a difficult challenge in risk and reliability engineering. We use a combination of dimensionality reduction and surrogate modelling termed…

Computation · Statistics 2022-06-20 Max Ehre , Iason Papaioannou , Bruno Sudret , Daniel Straub

We consider the problem of fitting the parameters of a high-dimensional linear regression model. In the regime where the number of parameters $p$ is comparable to or exceeds the sample size $n$, a successful approach uses an…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2013-11-04 Adel Javanmard , Andrea Montanari

The effective sample size (ESS) measures the informational value of a probability distribution in terms of an equivalent number of study participants. The ESS plays a crucial role in estimating the Expected Value of Sample Information…

Methodology · Statistics 2024-01-31 Linke Li , Hawre Jalal , Anna Heath

State-space models (SSMs) are a highly expressive model class for learning patterns in time series data and for system identification. Deterministic versions of SSMs (e.g. LSTMs) proved extremely successful in modeling complex time series…

Bayesian sample size calculations in clinical trials usually rely on complex Monte Carlo simulations in practice. Obtaining bounds on Bayesian notions of the false-positive rate and power often lack closed-form or approximate numerical…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-03-03 Riko Kelter