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The Epoch of Reionization (EoR), when the first luminous sources ionised the intergalactic medium, represents a new frontier in cosmology. The Square Kilometre Array Observatory (SKAO) will offer unprecedented insights into this era through…

Radio interferometric experiments aim to constrain the reionization model parameters by measuring the 21-cm signal statistics, primarily the power spectrum. However the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) 21-cm signal is highly non-Gaussian, and…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2022-05-04 Himanshu Tiwari , Abinash Kumar Shaw , Suman Majumdar , Mohd Kamran , Madhurima Choudhury

Upcoming 21cm surveys with the SKA1-LOW telescope will enable imaging of the neutral hydrogen distribution on cosmological scales in the early Universe. These surveys are expected to generate huge imaging datasets that will encode more…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2020-04-22 Tumelo Mangena , Sultan Hassan , Mario G. Santos

The 21cm line from the spin-flip transition of neutral hydrogen (HI) provides a unique window into the Epoch of Reionization (EoR), the final phase transition of our Universe. The Square Kilometre Array (SKA) enables precise measurements of…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-10-09 Yannic Pietschke , Caroline Heneka , Tom Schlenker , Ayodele Ore , Benedikt Schosser

The Epoch of Reionization (EoR) is a unique phase in cosmic history, marked by the ionization of neutral hydrogen by the first luminous sources. The global neutral hydrogen fraction (x_HI) is a key observable for probing this era. This…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-11-18 Jiajun Zhang , Huanyuan Shan

We present a study of the transition of Neutral Hydrogen (HI) gas from the end of the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) to late-time large-scale structure. We examine the signature of the transition as traced through the redshifted 21-cm line…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-01-21 Jamie Incley , Laura Wolz

The 21 cm emission of neutral hydrogen is the most promising probe of the epoch of reionization(EoR). In the next few years, the SKA pathfinders will provide statistical measurements of this signal. Numerical simulations predicting these…

Astrophysics · Physics 2009-11-13 S. Baek , P. Di Matteo , B. Semelin , F. Combes , Y. Revaz

The redshifted 21-cm signal from neutral hydrogen (HI) in the intergalactic medium (IGM) is a powerful probe of the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). Owing to the complex growth and morphology of ionized regions, the 21-cm brightness-temperature…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-05-19 Vishrut Pandya , Leon Noble , Suman Majumdar , Debanjan Sarkar , Mohd Kamran , Abhirup Datta

Observation of multifrequency angular power spectrum of the redshifted 21-cm brightness temperature fluctuation from the neutral hydrogen holds the key to understand the structure formation and its evolution during the reionization and…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2025-05-28 Saikat Gayen , Jais Kumar , Prasun Dutta , Khandakar Md Asif Elahi , Samir Choudhuri , Nirupam Roy

Detecting redshifted 21cm emission from neutral hydrogen in the early Universe promises to give direct constraints on the epoch of reionization (EoR). It will, though, be very challenging to extract the cosmological signal (CS) from…

Several experiments are underway to detect the cosmic redshifted 21-cm signal from neutral hydrogen from the Epoch of Reionization (EoR). Due to their very low signal-to-noise ratio, these observations aim for a statistical detection of the…

Characterizing the epoch of reionization (EoR) at $z\gtrsim 6$ via the redshifted 21 cm line of neutral Hydrogen (HI) is critical to modern astrophysics and cosmology, and thus a key science goal of many current and planned low-frequency…

The bispectrum can quantify the non-Gussianity present in the redshifted 21-cm signal produced by the neutral hydrogen (HI) during the epoch of reionization (EoR). Motivated by this, we perform a comprehensive study of the EoR 21-cm…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2020-10-21 Suman Majumdar , Mohd Kamran , Jonathan R. Pritchard , Rajesh Mondal , Arindam Mazumdar , Somnath Bharadwaj , Garrelt Mellema

The redshifted 21-cm signal from the epoch of reionization (EoR) directly probes the ionization and thermal states of the intergalactic medium during that period. In particular, the distribution of the ionized regions around the radiating…

The 21 cm signal contains a wealth of information about the formation of the first stars and the reionization of the intergalactic medium during the Cosmic Dawn (CD) and Epoch of Reionization (EoR). The timing of these important milestones…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-04-15 Nadia Cooper , Carina Norregaard , Romain Meriot , Jonathan R. Pritchard

The redshifted 21-cm line from neutral hydrogen ($\textrm{H}\textsc{i}$) enables volumetric intensity mapping of large-scale structure in the post-reionization Universe. In anticipation of \texttt{SKA-MID}'s wide redshift coverage and high…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-01-28 Sourav Pal , Debanjan Sarkar

The Epoch of Reionization (EoR)---when neutral hydrogen in the intergalactic medium was systematically ionized---is a period in our Universe's history that is currently poorly understood. However, a key prediction of most models is a…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2021-05-25 Michael Pagano , Adrian Liu

Detecting and characterizing individual ionized bubbles during the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) using the redshifted HI 21-cm signal provides a direct probe of the early ionizing sources and the intergalactic medium. We develop and validate…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-01-07 Arnab Mishra , Kanan Kumar Datta , Chandra Shekhar Murmu , Samir Choudhuri , Iffat Nasreen , Snehasish Saha

The high-redshift 21 cm signal from the Epoch of Reionization (EoR) is a promising observational probe of the early universe. Current- and next-generation radio interferometers such as the Hydrogen Epoch of Reionization Array (HERA) and…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2020-08-13 Paul La Plante , Adam Lidz , James Aguirre , Saul Kohn

Cross-correlations between 21cm observations and galaxy surveys provide a powerful probe of reionization by reducing foreground sensitivity while linking ionization morphology to galaxies. We quantify the constraining power of 21cm-Galaxy…

Cosmology and Nongalactic Astrophysics · Physics 2026-01-27 Yannic Pietschke , Anne Hutter , Caroline Heneka
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