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Rubrics have been extensively utilized for evaluating unverifiable, open-ended tasks, with recent research incorporating them into reward systems for reinforcement learning. However, existing frameworks typically treat rubrics only as…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-11 Jiachen Yu , Zhihao Xu , Junjie Wang , Yujiu Yang

Clinical guidelines, typically structured as decision trees, are central to evidence-based medical practice and critical for ensuring safe and accurate diagnostic decision-making. However, it remains unclear whether Large Language Models…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-05-20 Xiaomin Li , Mingye Gao , Yuexing Hao , Taoran Li , Guangya Wan , Zihan Wang , Yijun Wang

Repeated Sampling (RS) is a simple inference-time algorithm that has been shown to improve model performance on complex tasks. Although it is an effective way of scaling inference time, it often struggles to generate diverse solution…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-17 Divij Handa , Mihir Parmar , Aswin RRV , Md Nayem Uddin , Hamid Palangi , Chitta Baral

While rapid advances in large language models (LLMs) are reshaping data-driven intelligent education, accurately simulating students remains an important but challenging bottleneck for scalable educational data collection, evaluation, and…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-05 Haoxuan Li , Jifan Yu , Xin Cong , Yang Dang , Daniel Zhang-li , Lu Mi , Yisi Zhan , Huiqin Liu , Zhiyuan Liu

Assessing the reliability of Large Language Models (LLMs) by confidence elicitation is a prominent approach to AI safety in high-stakes applications, such as healthcare and finance. Existing methods either require expensive computational…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-04-08 Zhaohan Zhang , Ziquan Liu , Ioannis Patras

Large language models (LLMs) enable rapid and consistent automated evaluation of open-ended exam responses, including dimensions of content and argumentation that have traditionally required human judgment. This is particularly important in…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-26 Andres Karjus , Kais Allkivi , Silvia Maine , Katarin Leppik , Krister Kruusmaa , Merilin Aruvee

Evaluating recommender systems remains a long-standing challenge, as offline methods based on historical user interactions and train-test splits often yield unstable and inconsistent results due to exposure bias, popularity bias, sampled…

Instruction tuning has emerged as a critical paradigm for improving the capabilities and alignment of large language models (LLMs). However, existing iterative model-aware data selection methods incur significant computational overhead, as…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-13 Xiaotian Lin , Yanlin Qi , Yizhang Zhu , Themis Palpanas , Chengliang Chai , Nan Tang , Yuyu Luo

In-context learning (ICL) i.e. showing LLMs only a few task-specific demonstrations has led to downstream gains with no task-specific fine-tuning required. However, LLMs are sensitive to the choice of prompts, and therefore a crucial…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-01-31 Lingyu Gao , Aditi Chaudhary , Krishna Srinivasan , Kazuma Hashimoto , Karthik Raman , Michael Bendersky

Offline evaluation of search systems depends on test collections. These benchmarks provide the researchers with a corpus of documents, topics and relevance judgements indicating which documents are relevant for each topic. While test…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-07-23 David Otero , Javier Parapar , Álvaro Barreiro

Large language model (LLM)-based educational assistants often provide direct answers that short-circuit learning by reducing exploration, self-explanation, and engagement with course materials. We present BLADE (Better Language Answers…

Human-Computer Interaction · Computer Science 2026-04-07 Chathuri Jayaweera , Bonnie J. Dorr

Prompt engineering for large language models (LLMs) is often a manual time-intensive process that involves generating, evaluating, and refining prompts iteratively to ensure high-quality outputs. While there has been work on automating…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-07-19 Derek Austin , Elliott Chartock

Efficiently deploying large language models (LLMs) in real-world scenarios remains a critical challenge, primarily due to hardware heterogeneity, inference framework limitations, and workload complexities.Efficiently deploying large…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2025-01-28 Yanyu Chen , Ganhong Huang

Automated Essay Scoring (AES) has been explored for decades with the goal to support teachers by reducing grading workload and mitigating subjective biases. While early systems relied on handcrafted features and statistical models, recent…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-03-09 Jonas Kubesch , Lena Huber , Clemens Havas

In-context learning (ICL) has proven to be a significant capability with the advancement of Large Language models (LLMs). By instructing LLMs using few-shot demonstrative examples, ICL enables them to perform a wide range of tasks without…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-08-21 Quanyu Long , Jianda Chen , Wenya Wang , Sinno Jialin Pan

Evaluation is fundamental in optimizing search experiences and supporting diverse user intents in Information Retrieval (IR). Traditional search evaluation methods primarily rely on relevance labels, which assess how well retrieved…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-05-09 Mouly Dewan , Jiqun Liu , Aditya Gautam , Chirag Shah

Large language models (LLMs) can perform a new task by merely conditioning on task instructions and a few input-output examples, without optimizing any parameters. This is called In-Context Learning (ICL). In-context Information Extraction…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-07-14 Chaoxu Pang , Yixuan Cao , Qiang Ding , Ping Luo

Large language models (LLMs) have been proposed as supervisory agents for spacecraft operations, but existing approaches rely on static prompting and do not improve across repeated executions. We introduce \textsc{GUIDE}, a non-parametric…

Multiagent Systems · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Alejandro Carrasco , Mariko Storey-Matsutani , Victor Rodriguez-Fernandez , Richard Linares

Large Language Models (LLMs) have demonstrated impressive in-context learning (ICL) capabilities from few-shot demonstration exemplars. While recent learning-based demonstration selection methods have proven beneficial to ICL by choosing…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-16 Hui Liu , Wenya Wang , Hao Sun , Chris Xing Tian , Chenqi Kong , Xin Dong , Haoliang Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) pose a new paradigm of modeling and computation for information tasks. Recommendation systems are a critical application domain poised to benefit significantly from the sequence modeling capabilities and world…

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