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Large language models struggle to maintain strict adherence to structured workflows in high-stakes domains such as healthcare triage. Monolithic approaches that encode entire decision structures within a single prompt are prone to…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-03-03 Luís Silva , Diogo Gonçalves , Catarina Farinha , Clara Matos , Luís Ungaro

Combinatorial optimization (CO) problems, central to operation research and theoretical computer science, present significant computational challenges due to their NP-hard nature. While large language models (LLMs) have emerged as promising…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-16 Xijun Li , Jiexiang Yang , Jinghao Wang , Bo Peng , Jianguo Yao , Haibing Guan

Generating high-quality answers consistently by providing contextual information embedded in the prompt passed to the Large Language Model (LLM) is dependent on the quality of information retrieval. As the corpus of contextual information…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-08-01 Sai Ganesh , Anupam Purwar , Gautam B

Code review is critical for ensuring software quality and maintainability. With the rapid growth in software scale and complexity, code review has become a bottleneck in the development process because of its time-consuming and…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-02-24 Yuxin Zhang , Yuxia Zhang , Zeyu Sun , Yanjie Jiang , Hui Liu

Instruction tuning is a standard paradigm for adapting large language models (LLMs), but modern instruction datasets are large, noisy, and redundant, making full-data fine-tuning costly and often unnecessary. Existing data selection methods…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-21 Zhihang Yuan , Chengyu Yue , Long Huang , Litu Ou , Lei Shi

We present a comprehensive framework for enhancing Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) systems through dynamic retrieval strategies and reinforcement fine-tuning. This approach significantly improves large language models on…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-05-21 Sakhinana Sagar Srinivas , Akash Das , Shivam Gupta , Venkataramana Runkana

Customizing an LLM judge to a specific task or domain often involves optimizing its prompt across multiple evaluation criteria simultaneously. Textual gradient methods automate this for a single judge criterion, however they produce…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-05-26 Parth Darshan , Abhishek Divekar

Reinforcement learning (RL) has emerged as a critical technique for enhancing LLM-based deep search agents. However, existing approaches primarily rely on binary outcome rewards, which fail to capture the comprehensiveness and factuality of…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-12 Jiajie Zhang , Xin Lv , Ling Feng , Lei Hou , Juanzi Li

Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) have significantly enhanced educational accessibility by offering a wide variety of courses and breaking down traditional barriers related to geography, finance, and time. However, students often face…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2024-07-09 Jiarui Rao , Jionghao Lin

Large Language Models (LLMs) suffer from order bias, where their performance is affected by the arrangement order of input elements. This unfairness limits the model's applications in scenarios such as in-context learning and…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-13 Xu Chu , Guanyu Wang , Zhijie Tan , Xinrong Chen , Ziyu Li , Tong Mo , Weiping Li

Large deep learning models have achieved significant success in various tasks. However, the performance of a model can significantly degrade if it is needed to train on datasets with noisy labels with misleading or ambiguous information. To…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-06-25 Zhihao Sui , Liang Hu , Jian Cao , Usman Naseem , Zhongyuan Lai , Qi Zhang

Humans face countless scenarios that require reasoning and judgment in daily life. However, existing large language model training methods primarily allow models to learn from existing textual content or solve predetermined problems,…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-27 Yin Cai , Zhouhong Gu , Juntao Zhang , Ping Chen

Accurate confidence estimation is essential for trustworthy large language models (LLMs) systems, as it empowers the user to determine when to trust outputs and enables reliable deployment in safety-critical applications. Current confidence…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-01-28 Mingruo Yuan , Shuyi Zhang , Ben Kao

Retrieval-augmented generation (RAG) is a key means to effectively enhance large language models (LLMs) in many knowledge-based tasks. However, existing RAG methods struggle with knowledge-intensive reasoning tasks, because useful…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-10-28 Zhuoqun Li , Xuanang Chen , Haiyang Yu , Hongyu Lin , Yaojie Lu , Qiaoyu Tang , Fei Huang , Xianpei Han , Le Sun , Yongbin Li

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly embedded in enterprise workflows, yet their performance remains highly sensitive to prompt design. Automatic Prompt Optimization (APO) seeks to mitigate this instability, but existing approaches…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-02-03 Wei Chen , Yanbin Fang , Shuran Fu , Fasheng Xu , Xuan Wei

Instruction Tuning has the potential to stimulate or enhance specific capabilities of large language models (LLMs). However, achieving the right balance of data is crucial to prevent catastrophic forgetting and interference between tasks.…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-07 Wenfeng Feng , Chuzhan Hao , Yuewei Zhang , Yu Han , Hao Wang

Existing multi-expert LLM systems gather diverse perspectives but combine them through simple aggregation, obscuring which arguments drove the final decision. We introduce ARGORA, a framework that organizes multi-expert discussions into…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-30 Youngjin Jin , Hanna Kim , Kwanwoo Kim , Chanhee Lee , Seungwon Shin

Despite the remarkable success of large-scale Language Models (LLMs) such as GPT-3, their performances still significantly underperform fine-tuned models in the task of text classification. This is due to (1) the lack of reasoning ability…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2023-10-10 Xiaofei Sun , Xiaoya Li , Jiwei Li , Fei Wu , Shangwei Guo , Tianwei Zhang , Guoyin Wang

An impediment to using Large Language Models (LLMs) for reasoning output verification is that LLMs struggle to reliably identify errors in thinking traces, particularly in long outputs, domains requiring expert knowledge, and problems…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2026-02-09 Kate Sanders , Nathaniel Weir , Sapana Chaudhary , Kaj Bostrom , Huzefa Rangwala

Retrieval-Augmented Generation (RAG) enhances large language models (LLMs) by pulling in external material, document, code, manuals, from vast and ever-growing corpora, to effectively answer user queries. The effectiveness of RAG depends…

Information Retrieval · Computer Science 2025-11-20 Yifan Xu , Vipul Gupta , Rohit Aggarwal , Varsha Mahadevan , Bhaskar Krishnamachari