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Semantic understanding of 3D point cloud relies on learning models with massively annotated data, which, in many cases, are expensive or difficult to collect. This has led to an emerging research interest in semi-supervised learning (SSL)…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-05-03 Xian Shi , Xun Xu , Wanyue Zhang , Xiatian Zhu , Chuan Sheng Foo , Kui Jia

Existing semi-supervised learning algorithms adopt pseudo-labeling and consistency regulation techniques to introduce supervision signals for unlabeled samples. To overcome the inherent limitation of threshold-based pseudo-labeling, prior…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-07-10 Zhiyu Wu , Jinshi Cui

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) has achieved remarkable performance with a small fraction of labeled data by leveraging vast amounts of unlabeled data from the Internet. However, this large pool of untrusted data is extremely vulnerable to…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2024-12-05 Cheng-Yi Lee , Ching-Chia Kao , Cheng-Han Yeh , Chun-Shien Lu , Chia-Mu Yu , Chu-Song Chen

When there are unlabeled Out-Of-Distribution (OOD) data from other classes, Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) methods suffer from severe performance degradation and even get worse than merely training on labeled data. In this paper, we…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-01-18 Lu Han , Han-Jia Ye , De-Chuan Zhan

Recent work on curvilinear structure segmentation has mostly focused on backbone network design and loss engineering. The challenge of collecting labelled data, an expensive and labor intensive process, has been overlooked. While labelled…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-09-07 Xun Xu , Manh Cuong Nguyen , Yasin Yazici , Kangkang Lu , Hlaing Min , Chuan-Sheng Foo

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) alleviates the cost of data labeling process by exploiting unlabeled data and has achieved promising results. Meanwhile, with the development of large foundation models, exploiting pre-trained models becomes a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-10-28 Song-Lin Lv , Rui Zhu , Tong Wei , Yu-Feng Li , Lan-Zhe Guo

Semi-supervised learning is a setting in which one has labeled and unlabeled data available. In this survey we explore different types of theoretical results when one uses unlabeled data in classification and regression tasks. Most methods…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2020-07-31 Alexander Mey , Marco Loog

While semi-supervised learning (SSL) has received tremendous attentions in many machine learning tasks due to its successful use of unlabeled data, existing SSL algorithms use either all unlabeled examples or the unlabeled examples with a…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2021-09-03 Yi Xu , Lei Shang , Jinxing Ye , Qi Qian , Yu-Feng Li , Baigui Sun , Hao Li , Rong Jin

We present a general methodology for using unlabeled data to design semi supervised learning (SSL) variants of the Empirical Risk Minimization (ERM) learning process. Focusing on generalized linear regression, we analyze of the…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2022-03-08 Oren Yuval , Saharon Rosset

Self-supervised learning (SSL) is an effective method for exploiting unlabelled data to learn a high-level embedding space that can be used for various downstream tasks. However, existing methods to monitor the quality of the encoder --…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-09-11 Isaac Xu , Scott Lowe , Thomas Trappenberg

The advancement of deep learning has greatly improved supervised image classification. However, labeling data is costly, prompting research into unsupervised learning methods such as contrastive learning. In real-world scenarios, fully…

Artificial Intelligence · Computer Science 2026-01-09 Shogo Nakayama , Masahiro Okuda

Semi-supervised learning (SSL) can reduce the need for large labelled datasets by incorporating unlabelled data into the training. This is particularly interesting for semantic segmentation, where labelling data is very costly and…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2022-10-20 Sebastian Scherer , Robin Schön , Rainer Lienhart

Recent semi-supervised learning algorithms have demonstrated greater success with higher overall performance due to better-unlabeled data representations. Nonetheless, recent research suggests that the performance of the SSL algorithm can…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-02-02 Xujiang Zhao , Killamsetty Krishnateja , Rishabh Iyer , Feng Chen

Semi-Supervised Learning (SSL) is a framework that utilizes both labeled and unlabeled data to enhance model performance. Conventional SSL methods operate under the assumption that labeled and unlabeled data share the same label space.…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-11-16 Noam Fluss , Guy Hacohen , Daphna Weinshall

Semi-supervised learning faces significant challenges in realistic scenarios where labeled data is scarce and unlabeled data follows unknown, arbitrary distributions. We formalize this critical yet under-explored paradigm as Universal…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2026-05-18 Yaxin Hou , Jun Ma , Hanyang Li , Bo Han , Jie Yu , Yuheng Jia

Prior works have shown that semi-supervised learning algorithms can leverage unlabeled data to improve over the labeled sample complexity of supervised learning (SL) algorithms. However, existing theoretical analyses focus on regimes where…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-01 Alexandru Ţifrea , Gizem Yüce , Amartya Sanyal , Fanny Yang

Active Learning (AL) and Semi-supervised Learning are two techniques that have been studied to reduce the high cost of deep learning by using a small amount of labeled data and a large amount of unlabeled data. To improve the accuracy of…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2023-03-17 Jaeseung Lim , Jongkeun Na , Nojun Kwak

Existing semi-supervised learning (SSL) methods assume that labeled and unlabeled data share the same class space. However, in real-world applications, unlabeled data always contain classes not present in the labeled set, which may cause…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-01-17 Wenjuan Xi , Xin Song , Weili Guo , Yang Yang

Open-set semi-supervised learning (OSSL) embodies a practical scenario within semi-supervised learning, wherein the unlabeled training set encompasses classes absent from the labeled set. Many existing OSSL methods assume that these…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2023-12-04 Erik Wallin , Lennart Svensson , Fredrik Kahl , Lars Hammarstrand

Graph-structured datasets often suffer from class imbalance, which complicates node classification tasks. In this work, we address this issue by first providing an upper bound on population risk for imbalanced transductive node…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-02-04 Mohammad T. Teimuri , Zahra Dehghanian , Gholamali Aminian , Hamid R. Rabiee