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Target trial emulation (TTE) enables causal questions to be studied with observational data when randomized controlled trials (RCTs) are infeasible. Yet treatment-effect methods often address causal estimation, missingness, and temporal…

Causal effect estimation has been studied by many researchers when only observational data is available. Sound and complete algorithms have been developed for pointwise estimation of identifiable causal queries. For non-identifiable causal…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2023-06-26 Ziwei Jiang , Lai Wei , Murat Kocaoglu

We link and extend two approaches to estimating time-varying treatment effects on repeated continuous outcomes--time-varying Difference in Differences (DiD; see Roth et al. (2023) and Chaisemartin et al. (2023) for reviews) and Structural…

Missing data are ubiquitous in empirical databases, yet statistical analyses typically require complete data matrices. Multiple imputation offers a principled solution for filling these gaps. This study evaluates the performance of several…

Computation · Statistics 2026-02-05 Enzo Porto Brasil

This paper develops new methods for causal inference in observational studies on a single large network of interconnected units, addressing two key challenges: long-range dependence among units and the presence of general interference. We…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-11-24 Jizhou Liu , Dake Zhang , Eric J. Tchetgen Tchetgen

This paper explores Bayesian inference for a biased sampling model in situations where the population of interest cannot be sampled directly, but rather through an indirect and inherently biased method. Observations are viewed as being the…

Applications · Statistics 2007-11-26 Russell Zaretzki , Michael A. Gilchrist , William M. Briggs , Artin Armagan

Causal inference (CI) in observational studies has received a lot of attention in healthcare, education, ad attribution, policy evaluation, etc. Confounding is a typical hazard, where the context affects both, the treatment assignment and…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-17 Ankit Sharma , Garima Gupta , Ranjitha Prasad , Arnab Chatterjee , Lovekesh Vig , Gautam Shroff

Discrete data are abundant and often arise as counts or rounded data. These data commonly exhibit complex distributional features such as zero-inflation, over-/under-dispersion, boundedness, and heaping, which render many parametric models…

Methodology · Statistics 2023-02-27 Daniel R. Kowal , Bohan Wu

Imputation of missing values is a strategy for handling non-responses in surveys or data loss in measurement processes, which may be more effective than ignoring them. When the variable represents a count, the literature dealing with this…

Applications · Statistics 2020-07-31 Gilma Hernández-Herrera , Albert Navarro , David Moriña

Difference-in-Differences (DiD) and Synthetic Control (SC) are widely used methods for causal inference in panel data, each with distinct strengths and limitations. We propose a novel method for short-panel causal inference that integrates…

Econometrics · Economics 2025-09-26 Yixiao Sun , Haitian Xie , Yuhang Zhang

In causal inference, it is common to estimate the causal effect of a single treatment variable on an outcome. However, practitioners may also be interested in the effect of simultaneous interventions on multiple covariates of a fixed target…

Methodology · Statistics 2022-11-24 Jaime Roquero Gimenez , Dominik Rothenhäusler

Due to the unobservability of confoundings, there has been widespread concern about how to compute causality quantitatively. To address this challenge, proxy-based negative control approaches have been commonly adopted, where auxiliary…

Optimization and Control · Mathematics 2022-11-09 Zhiheng Zhang

Unmeasured confounding, unethical exposure, and ill-defined interventions pose significant challenges to evaluating policy-relevant mediation estimands in medicine and public health. In observational studies involving harmful exposures, the…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-12 Yang Bai , Yifan Cui , Baoluo Sun

Constant (naive) imputation is still widely used in practice as this is a first easy-to-use technique to deal with missing data. Yet, this simple method could be expected to induce a large bias for prediction purposes, as the imputed input…

Statistics Theory · Mathematics 2024-02-07 Alexis Ayme , Claire Boyer , Aymeric Dieuleveut , Erwan Scornet

In the absence of a randomized experiment, a key assumption for drawing causal inference about treatment effects is the ignorable treatment assignment. Violations of the ignorability assumption may lead to biased treatment effect estimates.…

Methodology · Statistics 2021-08-17 Liangyuan Hu , Jungang Zou , Chenyang Gu , Jiayi Ji , Michael Lopez , Minal Kale

Observational epidemiological studies commonly seek to estimate the causal effect of an exposure on an outcome. Adjustment for potential confounding bias in modern studies is challenging due to the presence of high-dimensional confounding,…

Methodology · Statistics 2025-08-29 Susan Ellul , Stijn Vansteelandt , John B. Carlin , Margarita Moreno-Betancur

Estimating individual treatment effects (ITE) from observational data is a critical task across various domains. However, many existing works on ITE estimation overlook the influence of hidden confounders, which remain unobserved at the…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-12-06 Binbin Hu , Zhicheng An , Zhengwei Wu , Ke Tu , Ziqi Liu , Zhiqiang Zhang , Jun Zhou , Yufei Feng , Jiawei Chen

Causal inference is essential for data-driven decision-making, as it aims to uncover causal relationships from observational data. However, identifying causality remains challenging due to the potential for confounding and the distinction…

Machine Learning · Statistics 2026-05-08 Tianyu Yang , Md. Noor-E-Alam

Difference-in-differences (DiD) is a cornerstone of causal inference, yet extending it to functional outcomes is not a routine scalar generalization; rather, it entails three fundamental challenges in identification, inference, and…

Methodology · Statistics 2026-05-29 Junzhu Nie , Chengxiu Ling , Mengfei Ran

Given two sets of elements (such as cell types and drug compounds), researchers typically only have access to a limited subset of their interactions. The task of causal imputation involves using this subset to predict unobserved…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-10-29 Marco Jiralerspong , Thomas Jiralerspong , Vedant Shah , Dhanya Sridhar , Gauthier Gidel