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To this date, CAPTCHAs have served as the first line of defense preventing unauthorized access by (malicious) bots to web-based services, while at the same time maintaining a trouble-free experience for human visitors. However, recent work…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2020-11-05 Dorjan Hitaj , Briland Hitaj , Sushil Jajodia , Luigi V. Mancini

Large Language Models (LLMs) are increasingly becoming the preferred foundation platforms for many Natural Language Processing tasks such as Machine Translation, owing to their quality often comparable to or better than task-specific…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-18 Zhifan Sun , Antonio Valerio Miceli-Barone

Large Language Models (LLMs) like ChatGPT are now widely used in writing and reviewing scientific papers. While this trend accelerates publication growth and reduces human workload, it also introduces serious risks. Papers written or…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-04-16 Kanchon Gharami , Sanjiv Kumar Sarkar , Safayat Bin Hakim , Yongxin Liu , Nahid Farhady Ghalaty , Shafika Showkat Moni

The vast majority of evaluation metrics for machine translation are supervised, i.e., (i) are trained on human scores, (ii) assume the existence of reference translations, or (iii) leverage parallel data. This hinders their applicability to…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2024-03-05 Jonas Belouadi , Steffen Eger

Machine reading comprehension with unanswerable questions is a new challenging task for natural language processing. A key subtask is to reliably predict whether the question is unanswerable. In this paper, we propose a unified model,…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-10-17 Fu Sun , Linyang Li , Xipeng Qiu , Yang Liu

Large Language Models (LLMs) are large-scale pretrained models that have achieved remarkable success across diverse domains. These successes have been driven by unprecedented complexity and scale in both data and computations. However, due…

Providing security for webservers against unwanted and automated registrations has become a big concern. To prevent these kinds of false registrations many websites use CAPTCHAs. Among all kinds of CAPTCHAs OCR-Based or visual CAPTCHAs are…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2014-10-17 Ariyan Zarei

In this paper we describe the system submitted by UHH to the CoNLL--SIGMORPHON 2018 Shared Task: Universal Morphological Reinflection. We propose a neural architecture based on the concepts of UZH (Makarov et al., 2017), adding new ideas…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2018-09-18 Fynn Schröder , Marcel Kamlot , Gregor Billing , Arne Köhn

Large Language Models (LLMs) have been observed to process non-human-readable text sequences, such as jailbreak prompts, often viewed as a bug for aligned LLMs. In this work, we present a systematic investigation challenging this…

The prevailing approach to aligning Large Language Models (LLMs) typically relies on human or AI feedback and assumes access to specific types of preference datasets. In our work, we question the efficacy of such datasets and explore…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-03-19 Hao Sun

The pervasive deployment of large language models (LLMs) in conversational AI systems has revolutionized information access, yet their propensity for generating factually unsupported or hallucinated responses remains a critical impediment…

Computation and Language · Computer Science 2025-06-03 Steven Robinson , Antonio Carlos Rivera

Recent advances in machine learning, particularly in Natural Language Processing (NLP), have produced powerful models trained on vast datasets. However, these models risk leaking sensitive information, raising privacy concerns. In response,…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2025-09-19 Haoyu Tang , Ye Liu , Xi Zhao , Xukai Liu , Yanghai Zhang , Kai Zhang , Xiaofang Zhou , Enhong Chen

In recent trends, one can observe Large Language Models (LLMs) are exposed to backdoor attacks where vicious triggers added during training or model editing to elicit harmful outputs on specific input patterns while maintaining clean…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2026-05-14 Jagadeesh Rachapudi , Ritali Vatsi , Pranav Singh , Praful Hambarde , Amit Shukla

Machine unlearning, the study of efficiently removing the impact of specific training instances on a model, has garnered increased attention in recent years due to regulatory guidelines such as the \emph{Right to be Forgotten}. Achieving…

Machine Learning · Computer Science 2024-06-07 Martin Pawelczyk , Seth Neel , Himabindu Lakkaraju

Many unsupervised hashing methods are implicitly established on the idea of reconstructing the input data, which basically encourages the hashing codes to retain as much information of original data as possible. However, this requirement…

Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition · Computer Science 2021-05-20 Zexuan Qiu , Qinliang Su , Zijing Ou , Jianxing Yu , Changyou Chen

Deobfuscating binary code remains a fundamental challenge in reverse engineering, as obfuscation is widely used to hinder analysis and conceal program logic. Although large language models (LLMs) have shown promise in recovering semantics…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2026-04-10 Li Hu , Xiuwei Shang , Jieke Shi , Shaoyin Cheng , Junqi Zhang , Gangyang Li , Zhou Yang , Weiming Zhang , David Lo

Studies have shown that machine learning systems are vulnerable to adversarial examples in theory and practice. Where previous attacks have focused mainly on visual models that exploit the difference between human and machine perception,…

Cryptography and Security · Computer Science 2025-07-23 Eldor Abdukhamidov , Tamer Abuhmed , Joanna C. S. Santos , Mohammed Abuhamad

CAPTCHAs are widely employed for distinguishing humans from automated bots online. However, current vision based CAPTCHAs face escalating security risks: traditional attacks continue to bypass many deployed CAPTCHA schemes, and recent…

Computers and Society · Computer Science 2025-12-19 Ziqi Ding , Shangzhi Xu , Wei Song , Yuekang Li

The rapid rise of Large Language Models (LLMs) has changed software development, with tools like Copilot, JetBrains AI Assistant, and others boosting developers' productivity. However, developers now spend more time reviewing code than…

Software Engineering · Computer Science 2024-07-08 Agnia Sergeyuk , Olga Lvova , Sergey Titov , Anastasiia Serova , Farid Bagirov , Timofey Bryksin

CAPTCHAs are widely used by websites to block bots and spam by presenting challenges that are easy for humans but difficult for automated programs to solve. To improve accessibility, audio CAPTCHAs are designed to complement visual ones.…

Sound · Computer Science 2026-01-14 Ziqi Ding , Yunfeng Wan , Wei Song , Yi Liu , Gelei Deng , Nan Sun , Huadong Mo , Jingling Xue , Shidong Pan , Yuekang Li